Post Merger Performance Of Acquiring Firms From Different Industries Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1176 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.1 OBJECTIVE A survey among Indian corporate managers in 2006 by Grant Thornton found that Mergers Acquisitions are a significant form of business strategy today for Indian Corporate. The three main objectives behind any MA transaction, for corporate today were found to be: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Improving Revenues and Profitability ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Faster growth in scale and quicker time to market ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Acquisition of new technology or competence The overall Objectives of the research is to try and show the quantities approach towards pre and post merger and acquisition of 3 different sector of industry, according to:- Share price difference Price earning Ratio Earnings per share Profitability. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Post Merger Performance Of Acquiring Firms From Different Industries Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1.2 AIMS To analysis the financial statement and Investment ratio of a company or sector during pre and post mergers. (Where they were and where they are). LITERATURE REVIEWS In the last four decades, there were ample number of studies on merger and acquisitions and numerous of theories have been proposed and tested for observed corroboration (Mantravadi, 2008). In an article by Canyon et. al, 2000, merger activity of this form has implications for corporate governance. Although the shareholders may gain from such breach of trust, whereas other stakeholders may suffer and the net consequences are far from clear. While Pillof et.al, 1996, argues, that mergers and acquisition activity results in overall benefits to shareholder when the consolidated post- merger firm is more valuable than the two different entities (pre-merger). Researchers have studied the economic impact of mergers and acquisitions on industry consolidation, returns to shareholders following mergers and acquisitions, and the post-merger performance of companies. Several measures have been suggested for analysing the success of mergers. Such measures have included both short term and l ong-term impacts of merger announcements, effects on shareholder returns of aborted mergers hostile takeover attempts and open offers etc. 3. METHODOLOGY In the effect of merger, this research will calculate a set of financial ratios such as share price difference, price earning, liquidity ratio, debt ratio, market ratios, earning per share, profitability ratios etc, these financial ratios were computed on the basis of pre and post mergers (3 years each). Financial ratios will help the firm to analyse their position. These ratios are also useful to estimate the complete financial position of a firm or an organisation. (Megginson et. al, 2008, p46-51). The post-merger performance will be comparing with the pre-merger performance and tested for significant differences, using paired t test. Further, companies in the sample should not have been engaged in further mergers/acquisitions within four years after the merger under study. A list of companies involved in mergers during 1995-2006 will be compiling from various sources like business magazines, investment web sites, web sites of the BSE and NSE, SEBIs web site (for details of co mpanies making open offers for takeovers), and databases of Capitoline and Prowess. Merger cases where at least two years of data for pre-merger period and at least four years data for post-merger period was not available were removed from the study sample. 4 . METHOD Data Collection and Analysis 4.1 Data collection Data on operating performance ratios for up to three years prior and three years after the acquisition year for each acquiring company in the sample was extracted from Prowess database of CMIE. The sample list of firms was further divided into industry-wise sub-samples (for significant sample sizes). 4.2 Data analysis Pre-merger and post-merger operating performance ratios were estimated and the averages computed for the entire set of sample firms, which have gone through mergers during the period 1995 to 2006. The average ratios for each of the industry sub-samples were also computed. Average pre merger and post merger financial performance ratios were compared to see if there was any statistically significant change in operating performance due to mergers, using paired two sample t-test at confidence level of 0.05. 5. PERSONAL SUITABILITY 5.1 Research background The researcher is graduated from Pune University with commerce as background in 2009 with first class with distinction. During the 3 years of bachelor degree, the researcher undertook various subjects such as accounting, costing, economics, etc. This will help the researcher to write the dissertation on the above topic. 5.2 Present position The researchers currently studying in masters course on management in John Moores University. This is a compulsory module in order to proceed to the dissertation module. The researcher is also studying finance in another module, which help him to write about the above topic. 6. REFERENCES Alston, P. (2002) Resisting the Merger and Acquisition of Human Rights by Trade Law: A Reply to Peterrmann, EJIL, Vol.13 4 pp. 815-844. Andrade, G. Et al (2001) New Evidence and Perspectives on Mergers, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15 2, pp. 103-120. Baker, M. and Savasoglu, S. (2002) Limited Arbitrage in Mergers and Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 64, pp. 91-115. Barkoulas, J.T. et. al Waves and Persistence in Merger and Acquisition Activity, Berger, A.N. et. al(1997) The Effect of Bank merger and acquisitions on Small Business lending. Brockbank, W. (1999) If HR Were Really Strategically Proactive: Present and Future Directions in HRs Contribution to Competitive Advantage, Human Resources Management, Vol. 34 4 pp.337-352. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006) 30 years of Mergers and Acquisition Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities, British Journal of Management, vol.17 pp.S1-S5. Conyon, M. et al (2000) The Imp act of Mergers and Acquisitions on Company Employment in the United Kingdom Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets. Hennart, J. And Reddy, S. (1997) The Choice Between Mergers/Acquisitions and Joint Ventures: A Case of Japanese Investors in the United States, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 1-12. Holmstrom, B. and Kaplan, S.N. (2001) Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the United States: Making Sense of the 1980s and 1990s, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15 2, pp. 121-144. Jovanovic, B. and Rousseau, P.L. (2002) The Q-Theory of Mergers, National Bureau of Economic Research. Loughran, T. and Vijh, A.M.(1997) Do Long-Term Shareholders Benefit From Corporate Acquisitions?, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 52 5 pp. 1765 1790. Mantravadi, P. and Reddy, A. V. (2008) Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms from Different Industries in India, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 22. Megginson, W. L. a nd Smart, S. (2008). Corporate Finance. Cengage learning publication London. P.46-51. Moeller, S. B.et al (2003) Wealth destruction on a massive scale? A study of acquiring-firm returns in the recent merger wave. Nonako, I. and Toyama, R. (2002) A Firm as a Dialectical Being: Towards a Dynamic Theory of a Firm, Industrial and Corporate change, Vol. 11 5, pp. 995-1009. Officer, M. S. (2002), Termination Fees in Mergers and Acquisitions. Pilloff, S.J. and Santomero, A.M. (1996) The Value Effects of Bank Mergers and Acquisitions, Financial Institutions Centre. Rossi, S. and Volpin, P.F.(2004) Cross-Country Determinants of Mergers and Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 74, pp. 277-304. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (2003) Stock Market Driven Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 70, pp. 295-311. Thornton, G. (2006) The MA and Private Equity Scenario Wen, W. Et. al (2005) A Hybrid Knowledge-Based Decision Support System for Enterprise Mergers and Acquisitions, Expert System with Applications, Vol. 28, pp.569-582. Worthington, A.C. (2004) Determinants of Merger and Acquisition Activity in Australian Cooperative Deposit-Taking Institutions, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57 1 pp. 47-57. 7. APPENDICES 7.1 APPENDIX 1

Exposing the Falseness of Truth in On the Nature of the...

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Colonial Alcohol Use Essay Example For Students

Colonial Alcohol Use Essay An Old Coon Skinner SaysI know this old coon skinner who sold fur to Eddie Bower when Eddiewas alive. Fortunately one time he took me across the USA to Mr. Bowers homeand I got to meet him! WOW is all I can still say, but back to theold coon skinner, Lonnie a big tall 66 Red Neck strong as a LoadedCole Train and kind as 6 week old Red Bone Puppy. My friend Lonniewhen I mentioned that I was making Vodka aWell the old boys earspricked up like a 100 Pound Doberman smellin fresh meat!..hehheaThepoor old chap cant drive and barley see (he is 91years old), but hemade sure he was ready for me to pick him up at 5:00am when it wastime to run a 15gal batch of sugar wash out of my new valve refluxstill. I was kind nervous cuzz this is only the second time I ranthe new still (LOTS OF HELP FROM THIS SITE). I had the valves closed, Lonnie kept feeling the column. He said henever seen nothing so new fangled in this((IN His God Dam Life)direct quote)) the old coon shiner says that you have to have a feelfor the dam thing Dago! You have to know by touch! You have to knowby smell! And FeelaI was thinking WTFaI was thinking to my self thatthis old boy cut his teeth on moon shine, so all I could do is payattention. As the heads came off he asked for a new mason jar. Itold him that I wanted to save them to ad to the next batchLonnieabruptly replied, I ant had no dam polish from home for 20 years sonand this is goin home with me! (I am 45 years old and going on 15when Lonnie is around, Now thats LOVE!) I will try not to romancethe story too much more and get to the point but what love can beshown just from a great hobby!So the heads are off and we are in the middle of the run and the oldboy has his hand on the column every 20 to 30 sec. the still isrefluxing better than I could ever expect. 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Men who know making spirits as well asthey do there own soles. BTW. we pulled almost 3gal of 93.5 from 15 gal wash at 19% and theold boy took almost all of it home with himHAHAHAHA. .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .postImageUrl , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:hover , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:visited , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:active { border:0!important; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:active , .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220 .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec077317e56a725ae321d9bed3522220:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Orlando/orange county EssaySo this is Love!

MECHANICAL ENERGY Have You Ever Wondered How A Jet Aircraft Lifts Its

MECHANICAL ENERGY Have you ever wondered how a jet aircraft lifts its tremendous weight off the ground, or what gives a runner the stamina to reach the finish line in a race? In order to answer all these questions we must talk about the transformation of one sort of energy into another. The jet aircraft gets its power from jet turbines. These powerful jet engines create a high-pressure stream of very hot gases that push the aircraft forward as they leave the engine. This is an example of heat being transformed into movement. This is sometimes described as Mechanical Energy. However, this transformation could not take place without the fuel that the aircraft gets within its wings or fuselage. Fuel is considered a chemical energy. This diagram shows how the jet engine acts as energy to lift the aircraft off the surface of earth. Fuel can take the form of gases, solids or liquids. When fuels combine with oxygen from the air, they release their stored energy as heat. We recognize t his process as burning. The individual relies on food for fuel which contains energy-giving substances that our bodies can store until we need this energy to use our muscles. When we do use our muscles within us, we may not always be sure that heat is given off. Our bodies do not burst into flames but the perspiration on our skin is a clue to what is happening. The movement of the windsurfer has a different explanation. The windsurfer is propelled along by a sail which collects mechanical energy from the winds that sweep along the water. This energy has been produced by the sun which warms the earth's surface and sets the air above in motion. The sun's heat comes to the earth as a form of radiant energy. When the heat reaches the surface of the earth, it causes the land or seas to rise in temperature. The sun is very hot. Infact, the center of the sun can reach temperatures of up to 27 million degrees Fahrenheit. This is because of another kind of energy reaction where new substanc es are continually being created as others are being destroyed. This reaction is known to us as the Nuclear Reaction. Today we are trying to imitate this reaction in improving our energy supply. Scientists have calculated that the sun has enough fuel to go on producing energy at its present rate for about five billion years. On earth man-made nuclear reactions are used to produce a form of power we know as electricity. Electricity can be transformed into other kinds of energy such as heat, light and radio waves. Humans have also used the idea of nuclear reactions as a type of weapon. We call this powerful weapon the Atomic Bomb. Electrical energy can also be used to produce laser beams. This involves energy being concentrated to a specific narrow point where the impact of so much power creates heat able to cut through metals. Bibliography Discovering Energy, Frazer, Frank Trewin Copplestone Books Ltd, 1981. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 6 Encyclopedia Britannica, 1979.

Newfoundland and Labrador Facts

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Child abuse and the effects that it has on their physical and Research Proposal

Child abuse and the effects that it has on their physical and psychological development - Research Proposal Example abuse is associated with numerous physical health conditions such as infectious diseases, pain, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, inflammation and generally, poor health of children. Springer, Sheridan, Kuo & Carnes (2003) add to the long-term consequences of child abuse possible post traumatic stress disorder (PSTD), chronic pain syndromes, chronic fatigue syndrome, eating disorders and irritable bowels. Aside from physical health consequences of child abuse, there are reported psychological effects as well. Anda et al (2005) discussed that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victim into adulthood, and can even influence the raising of that victim’s own children. More often than not, abused children repeat the pattern with their own children. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986; Bryant & Range, 1996; Ferrara, 2002; Malinoskey-Rummell & Hansen, 1993). The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989). These alarming facts culled from both literature and anecdotal experiences of individuals who survived child abuse merit serious consideration and investigation of the devastating effects of painful experiences in childhood in a victim’s life. In doing so, interventions to help child abuse victims overcome their negative childhood experiences may be put in place in order to prevent the serious negative outcomes that can permanently mar their personality and outlook in life. It is hoped that the provision of such interventions to such victims will help them still develop a more positive outlook and give them hope that they can still be productive, contributing citizens in society despite their painful past. It will also help

Ethics in Business & Socity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics in Business & Socity - Essay Example Unfortunately, analysis has indicated that individuals, as well as organisations and even states have begun to overlook the importance and most important, application of ethics in their different processes and procedures, and most importantly, this initiative is observable on global level that has resulted in huge amount of debates regarding role of ethics in different components of the societies. This paper is part of the same debate that will identify one of the ethical dilemmas in business, and will include efforts to discuss a non-religious ethical theory while endeavoring to understand such dilemma in light of the identified ethical theory. Likewise every field, business world practice its own range of ethics, and such rules of ethics facilitate individuals to make decisions during different situations and challenges. It is an observation that usually factors of self-profit, cultural discrimination, selfishness, etc exist when it comes to ethical dilemmas, and thus, it is very important that business organisations should make efforts to resolve ethical dilemmas before they transform into conflicts, and subsequently, global issues. In this regard, a huge number of organisations have been creating their own set of ethical standards to enable individuals in effective decision-making; however, unfortunately, ethical conflicts continue to exist and ethical guidelines have now become a part of company records rather than a notion of practical implementation. In particular, experts believe that â€Å"business ethics is a set of principles and ideologies that offer understanding and methodology to earn fair income in the busi ness organisations† (Crane, pp. 23-28, 2007). Although a number of philosophers (Furrow, pp. 20-41, 2005) have argued over the fact of encouraging morality and fairness in the business field, however, as the societies developed, the humans on public level began to accept their consciousness about the importance of morality

Ofer and acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ofer and acceptance - Essay Example Later on in 1st of May, James bought membership for one year. In this respect, Mary, on 15th of May mailed the card in order to claim for the reward as she introduced a new member i.e. James in the club. However, Mary received a regret letter on 23rd of May, stating that she is not receiving the claim for the reward due to certain reasons. The reasons mentioned to Mary for not receiving the claim are that the offer for the reward has been revoked on 7th of May in the website of Bulging Msclecds LTD and the card for claiming the rewards was not received in time. It was also mentioned that James was not a new member at the time rather than an existing one when yearly membership was acquired. This discussion will emphasize upon the law relating to offer and acceptance as well as the claims made in relation to the aforementioned case. Moreover, the discussion will also emphasize on the procedures as well as steps to be taken by Mary in order to face the aforementioned situation. ... Moreover, offer and acceptance can be made in any form that includes written as well as verbal and means of conduct. There are certain requirements which are necessary for an offer to be effective in its approach such as the objectives of an offer to be proposed must be intentional. The intention of the offeror is required to be clear as well as definite for successful performance of an agreement between the parties. An offer is required to be legally recognised for better execution of contract between the parties. Mere expression of opinion as well as invitation to negotiate is not considered as an offer. Advertisements as well as circulars are not considered as an offer unless they are is meant for general public or to a group of people. Advertisements which are proposed in a unilateral contract are considered to be a valid contract. Moreover, terms as well as conditions of any proposed offer must be definite that would assist both the parties as well as judicial court in determini ng the requisite conditions of the offer for better decision making. It will also assist in identifying breach in a contract and would provide appropriate remedies. Furthermore, the offer to be proposed must be communicated to other party i.e. the offeree. A proper communicated offer will ultimately assist an offeree in claiming rewards for the performance of a contract. Therefore, offer and acceptance are basic elements in a particular contract (Miller & Hollowell, 2010). Advertisements Offer and acceptance which are made through advertisements are to be mentioned for general public as well as proposed through unilateral contract. Adverts which specify that on accomplishment of certain activity by

The shear strength of soils

The shear strength of soils Introduction The shear strength of soils is essential for any kind of stability analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine reliable values. For this purpose triaxial tests are most appropriate. Nevertheless, direct shear tests are mostly performed to determine the shear strength of soils. From the tests result a clearer picture of the soil strata, there will be Direct Shear Test where the data can be interpreted and correlated info soil parameters. The soil parameters will be designed accordingly to the characteristic of the soil at the site itself. This case study is about evaluating contamination for the specific site. It involves the interpretation and manipulation of data from the Shear test and chemical tests. The whole process will be determination of contamination and measure its effect on the soil and then propose some remediation practices and methods. Part (1) Soils Contaminants Soils are categorized according to the contaminants present (type and amount); Soils that contain contaminants below regulatory concern Soils that contain hazardous waste Non-hazardous 1. Hazardous Soil that contains hazardous waste must be managed as such when contamination is above the nonhazardous waste limits or is otherwise classified a hazardous waste. The only options for soils that contain a hazardous waste are on-site remediation or off-site management as a hazardous waste. 2. Non-Hazardous Contaminated soil is non-hazardous when both of the following criteria are met: a. The contaminant levels are above the most stringent soil cleanup criteria established by NJDEP. b. The waste is not classified as a hazardous waste. 3. Soils That Contain Contaminants Below Regulatory Concern Soils that contain contaminants at levels that are below the most stringent site cleanup levels established by NJDEP for a specific site are not of regulatory concern with the exception of sites in the Pinelands Area Brownfield sites come in all sizes and shapes The Brownfield Law created four different cleanup â€Å"tracks.† Cleanup levels at these tracks are based, in whole or in part, upon the sites future anticipated use. A site to be used for industrial purposes, for instance, would not have to be cleaned up as much as a site intended for commercial use. (See Appendix A for a description of each of the tracks). Clesn Up Site cleanups can be conducted by federal, state, or local government agencies and/or their contractors, by private parties responsible for the discharge of the hazardous substances, or by purchasers of land who did not cause the contamination but are willing to pay for and conduct the cleanup. Private parties can be directed by DEP to conduct cleanups or individuals can come to the department voluntarily and offer to do part of or all of a cleanup. Cleanups can be conducted to allow for any future use of the land: from residences, schools, and day care centers to commercial buildings, or new industrial uses. Cleanups can also be conducted to turn formerly contaminated sites into parkland for passive and/or active recreation. The level of cleanup required to protect human health and the environment is determined by the end use envisioned for the property. Obviously, cleanup to more stringent standards is required when people will be living on the property, or when sensitive populations such as children will be using the property for schools or recreation. Protectiveness can be obtained by either totally removing the contaminants of concern, or by treating them, or by limiting access to the substances by creating barriers to contact, such as with soil or other types of capping material. Certain cleanups can be conducted â€Å"at risk† by private individuals, with little oversight by the state. However, cleanups involving ground and surface waters must be conducted with DEPs oversight because the state is the trustee for those natural resources. Most parties conducting remediation will come to DEP for oversight if they desire a â€Å"No Further Action† (NFA) letter at the end of the process. That letter certifies that the states regulations have been met as of a specific date, as described specifically in the letter. With the NFA comes a â€Å"Covenant Not to Sue,† which defines those parties who are no longer liable to conduct additional cleanup at the site. Part (2) Direct Shear Test A. Shear Strength In the Mohr-Coulomb theory of failure, shear strength has two components: one for inherent strength due to bonds or attractive forces between particles, the other produced by frictional resistance to shearing movement The shear strength of cohesionless soils is limited to the frictional component. When the direct shear test is used to investigate a cohesionless soil, successive tests with increasing normal stress will establish a straight line that passes through the origin. The angle of inclination of the line with respect to the horizontal axis is the angle of internal friction. Values of the angle of internal friction are given in the following table. If the soil is dense when tested, initially higher values for the angle of internal friction will be measured, but with increasing amounts of strain, the angle will decline to the approximate ranges seen in the Table. SOIL TYPE ANGLE φ, DEGREES Sand and gravel mixture 33 36 Well-graded sand 32 35 Fine to medium sand 29 32 Silty sand 27 32 Silt (non-plastic) 26 30 The shear strength of a cohesive soil is more complicated than a cohesionless material. The differences are due to the role of pore water in a cohesive soil. Most cohesive soils in field conditions are at or near saturation because of their tendency to hold moisture and their low permeability. When load is applied to a soil of this type, the load is supported by an increase in the pore-water pressure until pore-water can drain into regions of lower pressure. At that point, soil particles are forced closer together and the strength increases, just like a cohesionless soil. Time is an important factor however, because it takes longer for water to move out of a low permeability material. Direct Shear Test: Results of the direct shear tests should be evaluated statistically. The statistical assessment in the shear box test includes the values of friction angle (Ï•) and cohesion (c), derived from the Mohr-Coulomb regression line, and the (original) measured values of peak shear strength. In previous publications only the derived parameters Ï• and c were taken into account. As the most important result the investigations have shown that it makes a remarkable difference whether the pair of variables Ï• and c or peak shear strength is considered. http://www.csus.edu/indiv/c/cornwell/engineering/9-20-06.pdf Direct Shear Box Test Procedure: 1. Bring the shear box together http://www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_test 2. Compact the soil sample (which has reached the optimum moisture content) in the mould. 3. Place the sample into the shear box 4. Record the weight of the applied load and place the loading plate on top of the upper porous plate http://www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_test 5. Remove the alignment screws to hold the shear box together. 6. Tighten the diagonally opposite screws to reduce the frictional force. 7. Reset the dial gauges. 7. Apply the normal load. 8. Start the motor to produce the desired constant rate of shearing 9. Take readings from the gauges, a) Proving ring. b) Horizontal displacement. c) Vertical displacement. 10. When the shear load starts to reduce or remains constant stop the test http://www.civil.mrt.ac.lk/docs/direct_shear_test A. Data Proving ring Horizontal (0.001 in) Vertical Time 0 9.00 0.00 00:00 5 9.11 0.00 00:30 15 9.12 0.00 01:00 15.5 9.26 0.00 01:30 18.5 9.38 0.00 02:00 20 9.63 0.00 03:00 22 9.87 0.00 04:00 23 10.12 0.00 05:00 24 10.36 0.00 06:00 23 10.62 0.00 07:00 24 10.87 0.00 08:00 26 11.12 0.00 09:00 25 11.37 0.00 10:00 26 11.62 0.00 11:00 27 11.87 0.00 12:00 27 12.12 0.00 13:00 27.5 12.37 0.00 14:00 28 12.62 0.00 15:00 28 12.87 0.00 16:00 29 13.11 0.00 17:00 28 13.37 0.00 18:00 31 13.62 0.00 19:00 29.5 13.87 0.00 20:00 Results Shear stress Kpa Horizontal (0.001 in) Time 0.000 9.00 00:00 0.951 9.11 00:30 2.862 9.12 01:00 2.950 9.26 01:30 3.528 9.38 02:00 3.812 9.63 03:00 4.194 9.87 04:00 4.381 10.12 05:00 4.577 10.36 06:00 4.381 10.62 07:00 4.577 10.87 08:00 4.959 11.12 09:00 4.763 11.37 10:00 4.959 11.62 11:00 5.145 11.87 12:00 5.145 12.12 13:00 5.243 12.37 14:00 5.331 12.62 15:00 5.331 12.87 16:00 5.527 13.11 17:00 5.331 13.37 18:00 5.527 13.62 19:00 5.625 13.87 20:00 FAILUER = 5.527 kpa. Part (3) Contamination Assessment PH Measurements: PH measurements were measured against TSS results, While no apparent correlation was found between pH and salinity; samples presenting higher pH generally had higher TSS concentrations, as indicated in the figure below. The addition of cement (and its effect on turbidity) appears to have had a noticeable effect on pH. In addition to the various testing that was performed as part of this study, two additional studies beyond the original scope were conducted: (a) an evaluation of the effect that organic content found within silt sediments would have on soil-cement hydration and strength gain, and (b) an assessment of whether the cement stabilization/solidification of contaminated sediments immobilizes organic and inorganic contaminants within the sediment. Part (4) Remediation. Chemical Fixation And Solidification Taking into consideration to select the best fit remediation method and conserve ecosystem and trying not to undergo major landscape disruption. One alternative to dredging and disposing of contaminated sediment is to solidify the sediment in-situ using CDSM, and cover the stabilized sediment with a cap. In this scenario, the mixing is a viable way to reduce the potential for highly contaminated sediments to be eroded over time by natural hydrologic events, vessel traffic or dredging. In situations where decisions regarding removal of sediment have not yet been made or if management alternatives (decontamination) are not yet fully developed, the CDSM technology can be used to stabilize sediment for later removal. Chemical fixation and Solidification, CFS, also commonly referred to as Solidification/Stabilization Treatment, S/S, is a widely used treatment for the management of a broad range of wastes, especially those classified as hazardous. The initial application of the technology in the United States dates back to the 1950s when it was fruitfully used to treat and dispose of radioactive waste. The USEPA considers S/S an established treatment technology, and has identified it as the best demonstrated available technology, BDAT, for 57 RCRA-listed wastes. It is anticipated that 30% of the CERCLA (Superfund) remediation sites include the use of S/S. There is an ample body of technical literature that documents the fundamentals for applying S/S, as well as the practical experience using the technology in a wide variety of wastes, contaminants and chemical matrices. The applicability of using S/S to immobilize the principal contaminants in the Passaic River sediments was evaluated. The following sections briefly summarize those findings. There are several additives mentioned in the literature as potential enhancers of the PCB immobilization. These depend on the particular conditions of the application: 1. Organically modified clays 2. Activated carbon 3. Ferric hydroxide 4. Rubber particulate A well-documented case where S/S was used for the immobilization of PCBs in contaminated soils is provided in the Yellow Water Road Dump in Duval County, Florida. Where In that case, a superfund site that started remedial action in 1984 was removed from the NPL in 1999. During the remedial activities, 4472 cubic yards of PCB contaminated soils were excavated and treated with S/S and placed back within the former operations area of the site. A groundwater monitoring program was established, and monitoring wells were installed to evaluate the future need for contingent pump-and-treat remedy. The site was monitored as part of the EPA five-year review program. In September 2000, the five-year-review report established that the selected remedy remained protective of human health and the environment. Site inspections and groundwater monitoring continue to ensure long-term protectiveness. Out-Of-State Recycling For recycling soils out-of-state, a written determination from NJDEP is required as to the non-applicability of the solid waste management regulations set forth in N.J.A.C. 7:26-1 et seq. For sites without a Site Remediation Program lead (i.e., Industrial Site Recovery Act, Bureau of Underground Storage Tanks, Bureau of Field Operations) and for the recycling of soil as a solid process waste, contact the Bureau of Resource Recovery and Technical Programs (609/984-6985). Sites with a Site Remediation Program lead must send this information in lieu of a Soil Reuse Proposal to the assigned case manager for an approval. The following are the standard requirements pursuant to (N.J.A.C. 7:26-1) for approval to send soils out-of-state: a. A letter, sent to the Bureau of Resource Recovery and Technical Programs from the generator of soil, certifying that the soil in question has been analyzed or is known in accordance with N.J.A.C. 7:26G-5.1 not to contain a hazardous waste. This also must include any necessary test results documenting that the soil contains constituents and hazardous waste characteristics below their regulatory levels. b. A letter sent to the Solid and Hazardous Waste Division from the receiving a facility stating that they agree to accept the specified amount of soil, indicating intention and method to beneficially use or reuse the soil and the time frame for such activity from the date of receipt at the facility. In addition, a copy of this information must be sent directly to the solid waste coordinator of the county of the soils origin. c. A letter sent to the Solid and Hazardous Waste Division from the proper regulatory agency of the receiving state or a copy of a current facility permit verifying that facility is operating in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and can accept the soils for the declared use/reuse. d. Once the soil is delivered to the identified use/reuse facility, a letter from the facility or a bill of lading stating the date and amount of soil received must be sent to Solid and Hazardous Waste Division and the solid waste coordinator of the county of the soils origin. Operational Landfill Cover Operating landfills that are permitted to accept ID 27 waste may use non-hazardous soil for daily landfill cover with approval from the Bureau of Landfill and Recycling Management. Fine grained soils which may create erosion problems or are easily windblown are prohibited for use as daily cover. Brownfield sites are found in both urban and rural settings and the present challenges that make the cleanup and redevelopment of these sites unique as compared with other real estate projects. Brownfield sites deal with four key issues, including: Environmental Liability Developers, land owners, and prospective associated with the propertys history can be successfully addressed. Financial Barriers Private financial institutions or investors may be reluctant to provide loans for sites impacted by real or perceived environmental contamination. Cleanup Activities Redeveloping a brownfield site may take longer than that of a typical real estate development if remediation is warranted. Feasible Reuse A viable plan for putting the site back into productive use based upon the localitys goals and well researched information are critical to successful redevelopment. Despite these challenges significant opportunities exist for brownfield redevelopment which can economically revitalize an area and improve the quality of life for communities. Brownfield redevelopment is also an ideal time to integrate a number of sustainability features that can result in improved storm water management, reduced air emissions and energy consumption, and preserve the history and culture of our communities. The purpose of this guide is to provide a starting point for information about brownfield redevelopment planning, regulatory considerations and resources available from the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Iowa Departments of Economic Development and Natural Resources. 6. References 1- NJDEP. Discussion Paper on Landfill Closure and Remediation Issues.(1993). 2- Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook for Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites. 3- Bujang B.K. Huat et al., (2007) Modified shear box test apparatus for measuring shear strength of unsaturated residual soil , Faisal Hj. Ali, S.Hashim , Thomson Gale (December 27, 2007) 4- Marcel van der Perk, (2009), Soil and Water Contamination: From Molecular to Catchment Scale, TF Books UK; 1 edition (January 28, 2009) Appendix A Description Of The Brownfield Cleanup Tracks The statute establishes four different â€Å"tracks† that a developer can follow in remediating a site. Under Track 1, a remedial program â€Å"shall achieve a cleanup level that will allow the site to be used for any purpose without restriction and without reliance on the long-term employment of institutional or engineering controls.† ECL 27-1415(4). With respect to soil remediation, the statute directs that Track 1 cleanups â€Å"shall achieve† the generic SCOs designed to allow for unrestricted future use of the property. Id. A developer who remediates a site to Track 1 standards receives a greater tax credit than is available for remediation under the other three tracks. Under Track 2, a remedial program â€Å"may include restrictions on the use of the site or reliance on the long-term employment of engineering and/or institutional controls.† ECL 27-1415(4). With respect to soil remediation, however, the statute directs that a Track 2 cleanup â€Å"shall achieve† the generic SCOs appropriate for the future use of the property â€Å"without the use of institutional or engineering controls to reach such objectives.† Id. Under Track 3, the developer does not need to achieve the generic SCOs, but instead â€Å"may use site specific data to determine† soil remediation objectives. ECL 27- 1415(4). Those sitespecific objectives must â€Å"conform with the criteria used to develop† the generic SCOs. Id. Like the generic SCOs, soil remediation objectives developed by the applicant pursuant to Track 3 â€Å"shall not exceed an excess cancer risk of one in one million for carcinogenic end points and a hazard index of one for non-cancer end points,† except where rural soil background contamination exceeds that risk level. ECL 27-1415(6)(b). A Track 4 remedial program â€Å"shall achieve a cleanup level that will be protective for the sites current, intended or reasonably anticipated residential, commercial, or industrial use with restrictions and with reliance on the long-term employment of institutional or engineering controls to achieve such level.† ECL 27-1415(4). The statute instructs that â€Å"[f]or Track 4, exposed surface soils shall not exceed the generic contaminant-specific [SCOs] developed for unrestricted, commercial, or industrial use pursuant to this subdivision which conforms with the sites current intended, or reasonably anticipated future use.† ECL 27-1415(6)(d). The statute defines â€Å"exposed surface soils† as â€Å"two feet for sites used for residential use and one foot for

Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpa

Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Heinrich Von Kleist's The Marquise of O. and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, the female protagonist is terribly mislabeled. The inaccuracies in treatment, administered by seemingly authoritative and knowledgeable characters -- family members and a medically certified spouse, respectively -- result in tragic deterioration of the state of mind of both the Marquise and The Yellow Wallpaper's narrator. The delineation of each character's weakness is comprised of blatant references to an applied infantile image and approaching unstable mentality. In The Marquise of O, the Marquise is thrust unwillingly into the external world; in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is locked away unwillingly in an interior world. Though both are persecuted because of their gender, in The Marquise of O, the Marquise is troubled by the symbolic rebirth of her womanhood; while in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is troubled by the symbolic death of her womanhood. Kleist begins his delineation of the Marquise with terms such as "widowed,", "a lady," and "the mother of several well-brought-up children" (Kleist 68). In this introduction the reader learns that the Marquise has experienced both marriage and childbirth. In respect to her deceased husband, the Marquise avoids remarriage and returns to her family's home with her parents, brother and children. The Marquise transforms her role as lover and wife to daughter and mother, therefore stifling an aspect of her womanhood. It is not until she is unknowingly sexually assaulted and made pregnant that her femininity is reborn. The narrator of Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, on the other hand, se... ...mother realize the identity of her daughter's rapist before the Marquise, establishing irony and advancing engagement between reader and text. It is also clear to the reader that by the conclusion of The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator has become maniacal. Though confined to similar situations, Kleist's Marquise and Gilman's narrator are delineated in very different manners. While the Marquise displays boldness and determination in locating her assailant, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper allows the intriguing wallpaper to take control of her senses. Both stories exhibit the consequence of a mythical diagnosis administered to an initially sane and healthy person. WORKS CITED Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Ed. Dale H. Bauer. New York: Bedford, 1998. Kleist, Heinrich Von. The Marquise of O-. London: Penguin Books, 1978.       Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpa Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In Heinrich Von Kleist's The Marquise of O. and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, the female protagonist is terribly mislabeled. The inaccuracies in treatment, administered by seemingly authoritative and knowledgeable characters -- family members and a medically certified spouse, respectively -- result in tragic deterioration of the state of mind of both the Marquise and The Yellow Wallpaper's narrator. The delineation of each character's weakness is comprised of blatant references to an applied infantile image and approaching unstable mentality. In The Marquise of O, the Marquise is thrust unwillingly into the external world; in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is locked away unwillingly in an interior world. Though both are persecuted because of their gender, in The Marquise of O, the Marquise is troubled by the symbolic rebirth of her womanhood; while in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is troubled by the symbolic death of her womanhood. Kleist begins his delineation of the Marquise with terms such as "widowed,", "a lady," and "the mother of several well-brought-up children" (Kleist 68). In this introduction the reader learns that the Marquise has experienced both marriage and childbirth. In respect to her deceased husband, the Marquise avoids remarriage and returns to her family's home with her parents, brother and children. The Marquise transforms her role as lover and wife to daughter and mother, therefore stifling an aspect of her womanhood. It is not until she is unknowingly sexually assaulted and made pregnant that her femininity is reborn. The narrator of Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, on the other hand, se... ...mother realize the identity of her daughter's rapist before the Marquise, establishing irony and advancing engagement between reader and text. It is also clear to the reader that by the conclusion of The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator has become maniacal. Though confined to similar situations, Kleist's Marquise and Gilman's narrator are delineated in very different manners. While the Marquise displays boldness and determination in locating her assailant, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper allows the intriguing wallpaper to take control of her senses. Both stories exhibit the consequence of a mythical diagnosis administered to an initially sane and healthy person. WORKS CITED Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Ed. Dale H. Bauer. New York: Bedford, 1998. Kleist, Heinrich Von. The Marquise of O-. London: Penguin Books, 1978.      

Differences Between a Normative and Empirical Theory

There are various theories that attempted to explain and understand various social events and social issues. Two of these theories include the normative and the empirical theories. In order to understand these concepts, it may be best to know their definitions. The normative theory involves the evaluation of things based on the labels of what is good and what is bad. The desirability then of an approach is determined by the observable judgments on its implications.On the other hand, empirical theory involves the use of observations according to concrete evidence so that things can be explained with accuracy and precision. One of the most important applications of the normative and empirical theory is on the rule making aspect of a democracy. According to Craig, there â€Å"may be different models of democracy†. However, in our society, we are often confused with the normative and empirical aspects of democracy.As regards democracy, one can still say that in order to achieve th e true essence of a democratic community, the empirical approach is at most desirable. It is not enough that the precepts proposed by the concept of democracy dictates how and to what extent we achieve democracy. Rather, it is important that we also rely on empirical data and concrete evidence to determine how and to what extent the proposed democratic policies can affect the lives of the people who believe in the concept of democracy.Historical data proves that mistakes as regards democracy involved the normative theory of democracy wherein our leaders tend to have been swayed and decided only in accordance with what democracy should and ought to be rather on what the community actually needs and the state of things. In the normative theory, it is often the aim to evaluate things rather than explain things. In this regard, it is often the case that under the normative theory, concrete actions are not determined in order to resolve issues.This is not true in case of the empirical th eory because by more than just evaluating things, explaining the various social phenomenons enables our leaders to create deeper understanding of things so that it can be resolved according to democratic principles. Democratic theory is empirically desirable as much as it allows the people to explain things so that they can freely act on it. The democratic set up is best for the community because it allows people to, individually create an evaluation and understanding of things by trying to explain the root causes of the problems.In addition, under the concept of democracy, it is best that decisions be based not only on the basis of what is best for a certain group but for the whole community. The practice of democracy should not cause to undermine other democratic rights of others. This is commonly what is reflected in the United States politics because specific policies especially on wars are now reflections of the voice of the people, or a product of free deliberations to determi ne their applicability and reasonableness.It is unfortunate to think that the democratic principles are now tainted with the long stretch of power of politics and officialdom. Many our seemingly democratic leaders, neglect democratic end in exchange of their personal intentions. We should not forget that a true democratic government is a government for the people, by the people and of the people. The centralization of government especially of decision making does not reflect the true nature of a democratic state.

School Essays

School Essays School Essays School Essays: A Perfect Bargain School essays are things, which spoil fun and interesting school life of any student and keep them away of sleeping calmly at nights. A lot of students just hate writing school essays as this task demands some particular academic writing and research skills and much hard work as well. In order to write even the most simple school essays one needs to spend at least several days working, searching, researching, analyzing, arranging. That is why many students apply to the custom essays writing services in order to buy their school essays. With the help of any custom essay writing site, it is possible to order school essays in order not to spend your time and your nerves to write school essays, which you hate to write. Our site is not an exception. With the help of our site, you can order school essays on any topic you need. As only professionals work in our essay writing team, all the orders we complete always win the highest grades. Thanks to the experience of our writers, we are able to cope with any deadlines. Moreover, if you like writing school essays by your own, however, you need some additional help, our site is also here to help you. You can find anything you need to write the best school essays: citations, sayings, proverbs, and even samples of school essays free of charge are available for you to use and enjoy. It is very useful to read different school essays written by some other authors. While reading, you may get a perception of what you need to write in your own school essays. Especially, if you come across school essays free, which are presented for your convenience at our site, you may read as many samples as you want to as they are given to you free of charge. Proofreading school essays are one more option we offer to you if you write your school essays without someones help. As a rule, when a person reads his or her own school essays, it is too difficult to notice the mistakes. However, when a professional with the sharp eye reads school essays, he or she finds all the existing mistakes and corrects them. That is why it is but necessary to proofread ready school essays: You see, our site can be very useful for you. Enjoy the high level of servicing and our low prices. Where else will you be able to find such a perfect bargain? Read also: Research Paper no Plagiarism Research Paper Example 10 Page Term Paper 3,000 Words Term Paper SFU Great Term Paper school essays school essays The work of art that I have chosen is from ancient Babylon, which is believed to have been located where Iran is located today. This Babylonian art is actually a panel from a wall that led from the inner city through the Gate of Ishtar to the House of the New Years Festival (Bit Akitu). Here is where the people came to worship their gods, Adad and Marduk. The street was the most important in all of Babylon and was called the Processional Way. All along the wall that led to the House, were glazed figures of striding lions. This relief of a lion is associated with the goddess of love and war, Ishtar. This is odd in itself, as the lion is definitely a male. The wall was made of molded glazed bricks of multiple colors. The lion is glazed in what appears to be gold, but is probably yellow. The mouth of the lion is open, perhaps he is growling. As stated previously, he is striding or walking. He has a full, flowing mane and a long tail. This figure is repeated along the wall as a guide for the processional from the Gate of Ishtar to the Bit Akitu. This panel tells me that the people of this era were intelligent. This striding lion is not painted onto the wall; it is actually part of the wall. This means that the bricks were molded into the form of the lion. In addition, this panel reflects the dedication that the Babylonians had to their religion. Their religion must have been an integral part of their lives for them to spend so much time, money and effort to create works of art that represented their gods. They definitely didnt have the technology that we have today, so it must have taken years to create these panels. It also indicates that the religion was not separate from the government, as King Nebuchadnezzar created this great empire of Babylon and all structures would have been authorized by him. It is amazing what one piece of art from a civil...

Free Essays on Imagine World Peace

John Lennon’s song â€Å"Imagine† is by all means a classic which will endure in the hearts of many. It has many aspects that make it the ideal song for such a project, from its musical quality, to its imperative message of peace. Lennon’s melodic style conveys a poignant innocence, which complements the theme of the song perfectly. The music stays simple and seems to grasp the lyrics without a seam. It is the type of song that will appeal to almost anyone who hears it because of its rhythmic, almost hypnotic sound. I don’t know what the music of the â€Å"future† will sound like, but I believe a song like this is one that can be enjoyed by all generations to come. It isn’t the music of our generation today; not rock with heavy distortion, or rap with deafening bass, nor is it the synthesized Rhytem and Blues many people choose to listen to. It is the type of song that touches a person’s heart, the kind of music I listen to because I can feel it. This selection is a more instrumental rock that is set apart from all other genres, deserving of the reverence received in the decades past, and for those to come. This song is truly a tribute to great music, and has been likened to the twentieth centuries answer to Beethoven’s â€Å"Moonlight Sonata† and Bach’s â€Å"Fantasia†. In that regard, this song is seen as one the greatest songs of our century, and isn’t that the type of musical merit we should consider when selecting the one song to represent us in the capsule? The song itself is asking that we see the world consciously, and don’t just coast by on what others have established as right. It wants you to invoke thought upon life as your own person to decide what it is you believe in. The idea of this song is one that could easily be thrown out as a contradictory if it weren’t for the way Lennon portrays it. He wants you to imagine (hence the title) it as he does and infer from your own judgment what you believe. J... Free Essays on Imagine World Peace Free Essays on Imagine World Peace John Lennon’s song â€Å"Imagine† is by all means a classic which will endure in the hearts of many. It has many aspects that make it the ideal song for such a project, from its musical quality, to its imperative message of peace. Lennon’s melodic style conveys a poignant innocence, which complements the theme of the song perfectly. The music stays simple and seems to grasp the lyrics without a seam. It is the type of song that will appeal to almost anyone who hears it because of its rhythmic, almost hypnotic sound. I don’t know what the music of the â€Å"future† will sound like, but I believe a song like this is one that can be enjoyed by all generations to come. It isn’t the music of our generation today; not rock with heavy distortion, or rap with deafening bass, nor is it the synthesized Rhytem and Blues many people choose to listen to. It is the type of song that touches a person’s heart, the kind of music I listen to because I can feel it. This selection is a more instrumental rock that is set apart from all other genres, deserving of the reverence received in the decades past, and for those to come. This song is truly a tribute to great music, and has been likened to the twentieth centuries answer to Beethoven’s â€Å"Moonlight Sonata† and Bach’s â€Å"Fantasia†. In that regard, this song is seen as one the greatest songs of our century, and isn’t that the type of musical merit we should consider when selecting the one song to represent us in the capsule? The song itself is asking that we see the world consciously, and don’t just coast by on what others have established as right. It wants you to invoke thought upon life as your own person to decide what it is you believe in. The idea of this song is one that could easily be thrown out as a contradictory if it weren’t for the way Lennon portrays it. He wants you to imagine (hence the title) it as he does and infer from your own judgment what you believe. J...

Swallows and Amazons, or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Case Study

Swallows and Amazons, or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Rcognition Act - Case Study Example In that regard, the Gender Recognition Act 2004 therefore maintained that transgendered individuals be denied the opportunity to take part in sporting activities if their involvement is not encouraging to either ‘safety’ or ‘competitive fairness’. This paper reflects on the rights of the transgendered personalities, and specifically what the United Kingdom’s Gender recognition Act 2004 purports in regard to sports’, and the law’s, obscurity in obliging their participation in sports. This paper will therefore focus on the Section 19 of the Act. The s.19 of the Act facilitates various sporting bodies in prohibiting transgendered people of participation on the grounds of their ‘safety’ or ‘competitive fairness’ (Jack, 2006). This will be supported by the fact that neither ground can be established in the light of both the existing case law in transgender rights accompanied by the existing position of therapeutic ac quaintance. The possibility that s. 19 otiose is in part a consequence of being a hastily drafted provision and lately inserted to appease the sports lobby and its mouthpieces in the House of Lords. This paper is thus, a social and legal study on the Swallows and Amazons, Or the Sporting Exception to the Gender Recognition Act. ... re scrutinized, labeled and categorized in preparedness for their own, ‘Special’, Olympics at a particular moment when the informed harmony has undeniably moved away from the medical model of disability (Peter, 2005). The individuals whose bodies are outside the norms of sex gender due to their innate biology or due to the fact that they eschew the paradigm of normal manliness or femininity. Also the heterosexuality imperative that are faced with unique challenges: struggles over the sporting body which led to litigation by for instance, pregnant participations or female boxers with the aim of determining and relation of an acceptable level of the male hormone amongst female athletes. This has really aggravated the attention of the judicial field. Another area is the aspect of gay men or lesbians women who remain marginalized, in order to allow the International Olympic Committee would sanction of the use of the word ‘Olympic’ at the Gay Games. This is happe ning while the ‘Canine Olympics’, ‘Scout Olympic’, and ‘Police Olympic’ have been tolerated in the past twenty years (Jack, 2006). Sex chromatin screening was also added to the testers’ arsenal in an implicit acknowledgement in 1967 since the governing bodies did not have an interest in male imposters but instead they had an interest in females who had unusual chromosomal compositions producing testosterone not normal in women (Aileen, 2006). Various high profile athletes who had unusual chromosomal compositions had to justify through testing to their rivals who felt threatened. This is because they were viewed to have an unfair advantage to their rivals who subsequently resented their success in sporting activities (Aileen, 2006). This proved very controversial since unusual chromosomal

Do not need a title Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Do not need a title - Assignment Example In every society, men of this [aristocratic] class will command a superior degree of respect; and if the government is so constituted as to admit but few to exercise the powers of it, it will, according to the natural course of things, be in their hands. Men in the middling class, who are qualified as representatives, will not be so anxious to be chosen as those of the first. When the number is so small, the office will be highly elevated and distinguished; the style in which the members live will probably be high; circumstances of this kind will render the place of a representative not a desirable one to sensible, substantial men, who have been used to walk in the plain and frugal paths of life†¦. A substantial yeoman, of sense and discernment, will hardly ever be chosen. From these remarks, it appears that the government will fall into the hands of the few and the great. This will be a government of oppression†¦.The great consider themselves above the common people, entitled to more respect, do not associate with them; they fancy themselves to have a right of preeminence in every thing. It has been farther, by the gentlemen in opposition [Antifederalists], observed, that a large representation is necessary to understand the interests of the people. This principle is by no means true in the extent to which the gentleman seems to carry it. I would ask, why may not a man understand the interests of thirty [thousand] as well as of twenty? It is a harsh doctrine, that men grow wicked in proportion as they improve and enlighten their minds. Experience has by no means justified us in the supposition, that there is more virtue in one class of men than in another. Look through the rich and the poor of the community; the learned and the ignorant. Where does virtue predominate? The difference indeed consists, not in the quantity but kind of vices, which are incident to the various classes; and here the advantage of character belongs to the

RF and Microwaves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RF and Microwaves - Essay Example In this paper, we are going to investigate the behavior of the antenna and make a proposal for a suitable solution to the circuit issue. Analysis in this experiment will be conducted using the Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD) method. This analysis will expose the variation of these characteristics with the height of the antenna. The Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD) method allows for direct calculation of the Maxwell’s curl equations on lattices in a given time domain. The choice of the rack server is very critical in the application of the Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD). It should have a size small enough to allow the realization of results that have high accuracy at frequencies that are very high and large enough to allow manageability of the available resources. The size of the cell is affected by the type of materials that are present in the rack server (Hiebel, 2010). The higher the amount of permittivity, the shorter the size of the wavelength that will be realized at a defined frequency and hence a smaller size of the cell will be required (Nurnberger & Volakis, 2000). This is defined by a rule that is smaller than a tenth of the size of the smallest wavelength and this can be defined by the size of the Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD) space and the maximum fr equency of interest. After the size of the cell has been selected, the time step that is maximum can be determined using the Courant condition of stability. Step times that are smaller are also permissible in this experiment and if they are used, they may result into results with an improved accuracy. Large time steps normally result into instability (Luebbers, 2004). In the use of the FDTD method, the field of incidence must be incident and must also be analytically specified. If the resonant geometries used are strong, the excitation of the finite- difference time-domain

A Bio-Sketch of Marie Curie Essay Example for Free

A Bio-Sketch of Marie Curie Essay Marie Sklodowski was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw the capital of Poland. Both of her parents were school teachers, and they had high expectations for their five children (Zosia, Bronia, Jozef, Helena and Marie). Marie, her sisters, and brother all graduated with the highest grades in their class. The Sklodowski family was very learned and cultured, but they struggled financially. Poland was occupied by Russia and Germany. Many jobs were taken by these unwelcome foreigners. Maries father, Wladyslaw, was a school principal. He lost his job to a Russian because he was loyal to Poland and a patriot. To help meet living expenses, Maries family took in student boarders. The household was crowded with so many people in one apartment. Those crowded living conditions helped to spread tuberculosis, a major infectious disease in the late nineteenth century. Maries mother got the disease from Wladyslaws brother who came to live with them. After several expensive rest cures in the south of France, she died in 1878 from TB when Marie was only nine years old. . Why She Chose Physics Marie was encouraged to study physical science by her cousin, Jozef Boguski. He was the director of the Warsaw Museum of Industry. He allowed her to do experiments in physics and chemistry on the weekends at the museum. When Marie got to the Sorbonne in Paris, a revolution was about to take place. It was not a revolution with soldiers, but a revolution in science. This was a very exciting time to study physics. Physics is a branch of science that investigates the four forces at work in the universe both on a large scale, as in the solar system, or on a small scale, as in atoms. The structure of the atom and the forces which hold it together were still unknown when Marie enrolled as a student at the Sorbonne. Marie Curies Research With Pierre acting as her advisor, Marie spent several years purifying uranium ore. It was a grueling task to isolate the radioactive substances from tons of ordinary rock. Toiling over a giant vat, she worked out of doors or in a drafty shed. This was a blessing in disguise because the vat gave off poisonous radon gas. The Curies were not aware of this. Marie proposed that the radiation came from inside the atoms. Other scientists followed her lead and started to investigate the structure of atoms. She discovered two new elements which the Curies named Radium (after radiation) and Polonium (after Poland). In 1903, the Curies and Henri Becquerel received the Nobel Prize in physics for their combined research and discoveries on radioactivity. The Dangerous Beauty of Radium The Curies had two daughters: Irene was born in 1897 and Eve in 1904. Pierres father took over the childcare duties as Marie and Pierre became more and more involved in their work. Marie became pregnant again, but she suffered a miscarriage probably due to high levels of radiation in her lab. One rainy afternoon in April of 1906, Pierre was run over by a horse-drawn wagon and died. Pierre had been experiencing severe pains in his legs, and this may have caused the accident. Marie was devastated, and she turned to a close friend of Pierres, Paul Langevin, for companionship. Their love affair was exposed by a tabloid newspaper, and a scandal resulted. Maries reputation and career were nearly destroyed. Then the Swedish Nobel committee announced she had won the prize for chemistry! Director of an Institute This probably saved her career in physics. In the following years she was very bitter about the way she was treated. She made a point of hiring people at her lab who also had suffered discrimination by the male science establishment. She also hired several women at her lab and gave them their start in physics. One was Marguerite Perey who began as a test tube washer and, a few years later, discovered the radioactive element Francium. Ellen Gleditsch came to the lab from Norway. At home, Marie was training Irene to become a physicist. Irene reminded her of Pierre; she had the same temperment and the same dislike of school. Because of her service to soldiers during the war, the French public began to think of Marie less as a foreigner and more as a patriotic French woman. She also toured America twice after the war and raised money for her Radium Institute. During these years, she controlled the largest supply of radioactive substances used in scientific research. She shared these with other physics labs engaged in studying the structure of the atom. Marie had the constitution of a horse, but even she eventually succumbed to the lethal effects of radiation exposure. In the last decade of her life, she suffered from severe pains and aches like Pierre had. She also had cataracts in her eyes and constant ringing in her ears. In 1934, Maries bold adventure into the atomic universe came to an end. She died in Paris of leukemia, a cancer of the blood. The Curie Tradition Lives On In 1997, Maries remains were moved to the Pantheon, Frances monument to its heros. She is the first woman to be so honored. Marie Curie was a great Polish patriot, but she had won a place in the heart of the French people.

Essay --

World War II was perhaps the most destructive war to plague the earth. The war took an unfathomable amount of lives some 17 million soldiers and a countless number of innocent civilians who died as a result of starvation and bombings, or Hitler's deliberate campaigns of mass murder through concentration camps. World War I helped to create some of the conditions that lead to the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement that was signed and took away the Central Powers of territory and arms from Germany, Austria, Turkey, Hungary, and Bulgaria. This left them with very heavy wartime reparations that needed to be paid, causing much bitterness. The war took a heavy toll on European economies and also helped with the unfortunate coming of the Great Depression. The Treaty also disappointed both Italy and Japan as Victors of the war. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, set the stage for the United States entrance into the war. The surprise attack on the United States Navy by Japanese forces was intended as a preventative action in order to keep the US Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Almost at the same time, Japanese warplanes attack the Philippines and two U.S. islands: Wake and Guam, which are later occupied. Japanese troops invade Malaya and Thailand and seize Shanghai. Later in December Japanese troops invade Burma and Hong Kong. The United States declared war on Japan the following day, December 8, 1941. Japan entered into a war against the two most powerful navies in the world, the United States and Britain. Three da... ... a base for an expected invasion of Japan. US forces win in July and the US liberates Manila, Philippines after deadly and fierce street battles. Back over in Europe, US troops successfully cross the Rhine River and the Air Force use about 1,250 planes to lead the heaviest air raid against Berlin. The War in Europe is winding down and by April of 1945, the leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler, commits suicide, and by May, Germany surrenders. The United States is still at war with Japan and so on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and the second on August 9, 1945 on Nagasaki, killing well over 100, 000 people and causing the Japanese to surrender on August 14, 1945. The war ushered in the atomic age and was quickly followed by the collapse of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War.

Pakistani Prunes Essay

I began my preparation for this negotiation by reading the section in the textbook, The Pakistani Prunes, on page 498. Although this did not give me any additional information on the negotiation itself, it did make me aware of the main idea of this negotiation which was â€Å"work together in cooperation.† When I realized this negotiation was based on collaboration, I studied article 1.8, Implementing a Collaborative Strategy, more in depth. I took notes on points that I would be able to use during the negotiation. Then I made a list of possible questions that I could ask at the very start of the negotiation and the specific steps to a collaboration. I also used an article by Robert A. Steinberg called, The Game of Negotiation. From this article, I used the tactic of, â€Å"Identifying with others in similar circumstances.† With this tactic, I made sure to get the other parties’ story and listen to their whole side before jumping to conclusions. 1.8 (Implementing a Collaborative Strategy) This article stated the steps to the collaborative strategy. I used this during the negation by following the steps to ensure that I was not rushing through the process or forgetting an important issue. During the â€Å"Generating Alternative Solutions† step of the negotiation, we â€Å"expanded the pie†, by both using the whole prune, and we also â€Å"bridged† by creating the idea that one person bids while the other pays the bidder themselves. 1.9 (Solving Joint Problems to Create and Claim Value) In this article, I focused on the idea of ZOPA (zone of possible agreement). I remembered not to pass my ZOPA but instead listen and learn everything about the other parties’ needs. With this strategy I was able to acquire the information that the other party only needed the outside of the prune while  my organization only needed the pits. Another idea in this article that I used was to â€Å"Adopt a Persuasive Style.† Although I did not like the idea of being persuasive, I did remember to understand the other parties’ story. Instead of just listening and thinking of my next move, during this negotiation I focused on their needs and the key points to their research. 1.5 (Effective Negotiation Techniques) I was prepared to use the tactic of Fait Accompli and was set on making the first offer, but during the negotiation Tray used this method and gave me the first offer. 1.2 (Selecting a Strategy) In this article, collaboration is described in more detail, and I used this by remembering to be open and accurate during the negotiation. Strengths & Opportunities The negotiation was more integrative because Tray and I both focused on interests of both sides and not just our own. It was also integrated because we tried our best to â€Å"expand the pie.† We began the negotiation by explaining our reasoning for needing the prunes and each invested time in listening to the others interests. After this we quickly realized that we only needed part of the prune and not the whole prune. Identifying this early was the main strength during our negotiation because we were then able to figure out the logistics of the bidding process and the separation of the prunes. In article 1.8, it says not to rush the selecting solutions process. I used this to my advantage because I knew that if we were to rush the selection we would miss something important. With this reminder, we realized that we may not be the other people bidding on the prunes and decided that we should plan for this possibility. This was a big strength because we both agreed that in the occasion that someone else is bidding on the prunes and exceeded his $8 million limit, we would combine our investments to outbid the opponent. Together our limit was $13 million for this occurrence. Another strength that I had during the negotiation was that Tray did not know all of my information. I informed him that if my organization had to pick, clean, and separate the prunes, that our machines would pulverize not only the pits but also pulp. I informed him that this would make the pulp of the prunes worthless and that he would need to pick, wash, and separate the pits and the pulp. He agreed that this was the best solution, which is why he is doing all the initial work to obtain the prunes and we are purchasing just the pits from him after. In a way, I was using misrepresentation that is illustrated in article 2.11, Negotiation Ethics. I was using partially true statement when I was informing him of the machines but it was in fact a misrepresentation of the true facts. While we were writing the contract, we made the mistake of not thoroughly reading through our contract. Instead of having 65.2% on the contract we wrote 2.5% for the percentage of money I would be paying him for the pits. This meant I would have been paying significantly less money than we had initially negotiated. We both signed the contract while it had 2.5% on it and because of this I had the opportunity to take advantage of the mistake and only have to pay a small percentage of what Tray was going to have to pay. After looking over the contract, I felt that fixing the mistake was better in the long run because I would have a better relationship with him after the negotiation, and I would also not go against what we had previously discussed in the negotiation. I believed that my integrity was more important to me than the payment. I did recognize this weakness, but I did not capitalize on the weakness. I realized now that I am becoming a negotiator that analyses each move before taking it. The first negotiation I was trying to be nice the whole negotiation and because of that I forgot about some of my interest. This negotiation I was able to focus on both my interest and the other parties. I analyzed each response before taking action, which is why I gave him misinformation about our machinery. It was either pay a little more and get just the pits or do all the picking, washing, and separating and also bidding for the prunes myself. I do not think I took advantage of Tray because I did pay compensation for the extra work that he would have to do  initially. Weaknesses & Threats The biggest weakness, which was also a threat during this negotiation, was the mistake on the contract. This was an opportunity to take advantage of Tray, and if I would have taken that opportunity I could have severely damaged my reputation as a negotiator. Since I wrote the contract, it could have looked like I purposely miscalculated the percentage to my advantage. If I had chosen to keep the initial contract I would have represented myself as a sneaky and unethical person. A threat that occurred was that Tray did not understand that we needed different parts of the prune. Although, he caught on very quickly, we could have hit one of the obstacles mentioned in article 1.8. If Tray would have continued to think of his own interest and not listen completely to mine we would not have been able to collaborate on a win-win contract. I do not believe that I had any weaknesses that left me with a target on my chest. The negotiation went as I had expected it to. If given the chance I would probably give Tray all the information right off the bat, without any misrepresentation. Although the misleading of the machinery worked out in my favor, I think that I could have gotten the same effect if all the information had been presented truthfully. Also, I would not feel the internal battle that I negotiated unethically. This negotiation, I remembered to read all the possible information in preparation for the negotiation but I forget to reach deeper to the personal level during the negotiation. I went straight to business and asked questions referring to the negotiation and not the background of the negotiator. I think that if I had done this I would have gotten more background information that may have helped me with the relationship side of the negotiation. While I did listen to the organizations background and research, I did not ask about Trays background. I could have used that information to my advantage by possibly paying less due to the fact that Dr.  Wilson had a lot of money to throw around. Brief Summary of YOU as a negotiator I negotiated on the basis that I wanted to work together and figure out exactly what each of us needed. I was able to get what I needed out of the contract while coming together with Tray to figure out his needs. I was also able to figure out the payment of the prunes and how much we were both willing to pay for them. I stuck to the collaboration strategy and did not take advantage of my competitor but instead saw him as a partner. Brief Summary of your COUNTERPART as a negotiator Tray started the negotiation exactly how I was going to start it, with background information on what exactly we both wanted. He was great at thinking of possible situations that we may encounter. He did not live up to his reputation as â€Å"ruthless† but instead was compassionate to my organization. He believed that we both had a similar interest and was able to come up with some of the compromises to our contract. He also stepped up and took the initial task of bidding for the prunes and doing the labor to separate the prunes. Who do you believe did a better job of negotiating?

The impacts of the Balearic Island’s in ‘abolishing’ the eco-tax and recommend alternative strategies to compensate for its effects

The purpose of the essay is to identify the potential impacts of the Balearic Island's in ‘abolishing' the eco-tax and recommend alternative strategies to compensate for its effects. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to shed some light on both positive and negative impacts concerning the tourists, host community, hoteliers and the environment. Reasons for eliminating the eco-tax will be highlighted, whilst also concerning its consequent effects on the Balearic Islands. It is fundamental to understand the term ‘eco' which is basically, concerns of the environment. One way it can be described is through eco-tourism, which according to Honey & Stewart (2002) is: â€Å"†¦responsible travel to natural areas, which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people† This suggests that tourists should be aware of the environment and its residents in order to minimise the negative effects their tourism can have on a community. Honey (2002) believes that tourism can create negative ecological externalities in the form of environmental damage. The tourism industry is suggested to damage the natural resources that form the basis for eco-tourism. Eco-tourism can therefore enhance the opportunities for better management of natural resources whilst providing a satisfying experience for the visitor. It is also vital to understand the term ‘tax', which according to Mak (2004) is â€Å"an involuntary payment to the government that does not entitle the payer to receive a direct benefit of equivalent value in return† In simple the aim of introducing the payment of a tax is to ensure everyone is supported. The Balearic Islands achieved this by introducing an eco-tax on 1st May 2002 in order to help restore the environmental damage caused by tourism. The hoteliers were responsible for collecting the payment of approximately 62p a day for each person at a three star hotel of persons over 12 years old. This meant that almost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 was added to an average family holiday. (www.bbc.co.uk) An article from Tourism Concern (2002) ‘Balearics eco-tax gets the vote' stated that the eco-tax was reinforced to reduce environmental impacts; nevertheless the revenue earned would be used on â€Å"cleaning up the beaches, estates restored, heritage sites maintained, cycle and walking routes developed, rural economies boosted, and hotels encouraged to implement energy and water conservation measures.† The tax was set to bring in 25 million Euros from the 2002 visitors with subsequent years contribution predicted to top 45 million euros. An article by Palmer (2001) ‘Eco tax not enough to save the planet' suggests that â€Å"everyone will be paying ‘eco tax' or ‘environmental tax', happy in the knowledge that they are saving the planet† This article shows slight sarcasm, as although taxes are introduced, it may not be helping the environment. To some extent this can be valued as true, but surely paying a tax will mean maybe less people will travel to destinations hence less damage to the environment. The Balearic Islands have been recognised as a low cost, low quality package holiday destination. Therefore Spain, may have introduced the eco-tax to diminish this image and help re-educate the traveller; at the same time providing funds for conservation, which would directly benefit the economic development and help local communities. The Balearic Islands have a population of approximately 800,000 residents, yet nearly 11 million tourists visited each year. Therefore one can imagine the negative effects caused by the mass tourism. Hunter et al., (1996) believes that the impact of tourism upon the environment can be reported as short term or long term, direct, indirect or induced into two categories of negative and positive changes. An article by Morgan (2000) ‘A Taxing Time' suggested that the eco-tax was part of the electoral programme and most people saw it as a positive measure, recognising the importance of investing in the environment, restoring and conserving certain areas of special importance. Others assumed the tax would reduce the number of tourists wanting a cheap holiday and focus on having less, higher spending tourists. So, what were the reasons for the government of the Balearic Islands to abolish the eco-tax if the revenue received would benefit them? There are many different theories suggested a number of which will be discussed. A news extract from The Times stated that the â€Å"Government has decided to abolish the controversial eco-tax†, taking place on October 2004. The tourism Minister believed that in having the eco tax â€Å"did more harm than good†. An article from The Sun ‘Tax Axed for Holiday Isles', reinforced the † negative effect† on tourism. Suggesting that the eco-tax was not favourable for the Balearic Islands. Again supporting its abolition, .an article in the Express on Sunday Jeferies (2003) suggested about the eco-tax that â€Å"it is a move in the completely opposite direction to the one the government should be working in. They need to change strategy and adopt policies to revive and boost tourism† It is understood that the Balearic Islands need to introduce other ways in which the environmental damage is minimised and ensure that visitor numbers are increasing at the same time. Balearics Tourism office spokesman Jaun Vallespir suggested that the majority of tourists and foreigners were in favour of the tax, the drop in visitor numbers was down to economic problems in Europe and Post September 11th. Suggesting that there were a number of other reasons affecting tourism. Nevertheless a survey carried out by ABTA (Association of British Travel Agents) found that 64% of tourists would be willing to pay an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25 to ensure environment standards, associated with their holiday were met. If such a high percentage of tourists were willing to pay why would the government still decide to abolish the tax? The Express on Sunday (2003) suggested that although the revenue obtained from the eco-tax could help protect the environment, it showed that visitor figures in 2002 were down by 900,000, creating a deficit of more than 800 million. Only 28 hotels out of the 100 were now staying open during the winter season. Spain's Balearic Islands have been internationally famous for having experienced rapid tourism development but were now suffering following the introduction of the eco-tax. â€Å"The islands depend on tourism for 84% of the Gross Domestic Product† (http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk. This indicates that the Balearic Islands have been heavily reliant upon tourism. Jaimw Puig suggested having an eco-tax gave an impression that the islands are in undesirable conditions. (http://www.ft.com) â€Å"The regional government gave the impression that the Islands were in a bad state of repair, that it is a terrible image to send abroad† This suggested that by having the eco-tax The Balearic Islands were portraying a bad image for the resorts by suggesting they needed money to improve their environment. However, this may be due to lack of knowledge and accessible information tourists require. Knight (2002) – http://www.observer.co.uk â€Å"†¦they are doing a lot to change their image but they are coming across as greedy.† Maybe the Balearic Islands could implement a tax for those tourists partaking in certain activities that are harmful to the environment. This is identified as a user charge, according to Mak (2004) it is â€Å"a price charged by governments to users to pay for specific government services or privileges† User charges are an appropriate way to finance public services when most or all of the benefits go to identifiable users, and non-payers can be excluded from using the services at a reasonable cost. By doing so, they would still have tourism coming in and revenue earned from taxes would be used to rejuvenate areas of that are environmentally damaged. According to Gilpin (2000) Belgium had imposed eco-taxes on products since 1993, applying them to goods considered to be harmful to the environment (Pittevils 1996- cited in Gilpin, 2000, pg 150) Alternatively the new ‘coach tax' levied in Venice is apparently an attempt by the city to reduce the number of motor coaches coming into the congested city. User charges used for such purpose are most effective when demand is price elastic. Westwood (2002- http://www.travel.telegraph.co.uk) â€Å"the tax could deprive the Islands economy of more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 million per year if tourists go elsewhere† Balearic Islands are very dependent on tourism therefore need to implement something that is feasible. The Gambia Tourism Authority has introduced a tourism development levy of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 per tourist from the 1st November 2002. The tax would be used to develop green areas, improve lighting in tourist areas, security and training for employees within the tourism sector. According to Barrett (2002) ‘Unfair yob tax or fair pay?' suggested that people were annoyed with the extra costs. The Sunday Times reported, â€Å"hotels are less than 40% full† there has been a huge fall in visitor numbers that the tourism industry are blaming on the eco-tax. Travel Trade Gazette – cited in Tourism Concern 2002 reported that hotels were handing out food and drink tokens to pacify the guests. The tax was unpopular with holidaymakers as it added an extra cost on holidays. The hoteliers didn't agree with the idea, as they were responsible for collecting the tax and tour operators felt that it had caused a decline in visitor numbers. Therefore maybe abolishing the tax would help resolve some of the problems, but at the expense of the environment. Increased competition from tour operators has led to cheaper flights. There is a direct flight that British Airways have recently started, from UK to Menorca costing approximately 125 euros (www.bbc.co.uk). Having cheaper flights to Balearic Islands will mean an increase in numbers to the destination hence have a knock on effect on the environment. The tax is being abolished yet more and more competition between airlines, means a huge increase in the number of visitors. To exploit this, an alternative solution would be to have customers pay an airline tax instead. According to an article from Friends of the Earth (FOE), they believe that if a charge for the UK flights was left unaltered but the charge of flights to Europe increased by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 and other international flights by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 the longest and damaging journeys would be taxed more heavily. This would raise an extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½700 million per year. www.foe.co.uk, by including tax via flights it would seem part of the cost rather than an additional payment. Whilst, also reducing friction between guest and hoteliers. Additional alternative strategies could be to ensure that the carrying capacity is under control. Mathieson and Wall (1982:21 – cited in Holden 2000 pg. 138) â€Å"carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who can use a site without unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by the visitors† If the carrying capacity is controlled in the Balearic Islands this could minimise the environmental damage. This could be instead of the eco-tax and may not result in the fall of visitor numbers. However environmental impacts will continue, therefore they could carry out environmental impact assessments (EIA), which would be beneficial to the destination, as they can assess certain areas affected. In conclusion, in order for the Balearic Islands to remain in the competitive market of tourism certain changes need to be addressed. Abolishing the eco-tax means that the alternative strategies put in place need to be carefully planned to ensure they are customer friendly, cost effective and not economically damaging. Clearly the eco-tax was introduced to provide financial support for the damage caused through tourism. Yet it failed to predict the decline of visitors, which in the long term would have a more adverse effect on its economy, yet a promising effect on its environment. Due to the fact the Balearic Islands relied heavily on its tourism income it would be seen as a positive measure to abolish the eco-tax. However this meant other solutions would be required to conserve the environment. As suggested airline taxes, user charge and carrying capacity are just some of the strategies suggested to alleviate the problems. As these have just been newly developed it will still require time and research to see their success in relation to the Balearic Islands. Therefore whilst these measures have been recommended as solutions to the abolishment of the eco-tax one will have to wait and see its success.