Routine Activity Theory Essay Example for Free

Routine Activity Theory Essay Routine activity theory is a sub-field of rational choice[-0] and criminology[-1], developed by Marcus Felson[-2] and Lawrence E. Cohen[-3]. Routine activity theory says that crime[-4] is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, and if the reward is worth it, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people. Crime just needs an opportunity. The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft[-5] and unreported to the police[-6]. Crime is neither spectacular nor dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time. Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty[-7], inequality[-8], unemployment[-9]. For instance, after World War II[-10], the economy of Western countries was booming and the Welfare states were expanding. During that time, crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal. Routine activity theory can also help explain the dramatic rise in crime during the 1960s. Due to the increase in female participation in the labor market, the homes are left without a capable guardian as adult caretakers at home during the day decreased. Furthermore, rapid growth of suburbs and the decline of more traditional neighborhood, led to the decline of informal controls that would have once existed with a tightly-knit neighborhood. Lastly, with the baby-boom generation[-11] coming of age in the 1960s to the 1980s, it amounted to an excessive number of motivated offenders and crime rate predictable increased in a similar manner. With such changes in the nuclear family, more and more youths were lacking supervision, especially when both parents worked outside the home; the number of temptations increased for youth to commit crimes. [1] Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory including copyright infringement[-12], related to peer-to-peer file sharing[-13], employee theft[-14], and corporate crime[-15]. For crime to be committed, three aspects are needed: 1) A Motivated Offender 2) A Suitable Target 3) The Lack of a Capable Guardian Lack of a capable guardian can range to anything that would make a suitable target easier to victimize. From a person walking alone, to a poor police presence, to anyone else who would deter a motivated offender from offending in that circumstance. It should be noted that the guardian does not have to be a person at all, nor does the suitable target; there are many examples of objects and environmental designs that act as a guardians or security measures to deter motivated offenders as well. This branches into the realm of CPTED[-16] (crime prevention through environmental design) where seemingly small measures like the addition of lights, fences, better locks, open or visible areas and security cameras act as the capable guardian and can prevent crime against a suitable target, in this case a building, park or other areas. [1] Furthermore, crimes rate if generally proportional to the number of motivated offenders, such as teenagers and unemployed people, in the population. Of course, motivation can be lowered when legitimate means are available for offenders to achieve their goals. Motivation can increase, when the option of crime is the only viable choice available for an offender to achieve their goals. Another deterrence that influences the routine activities that produces crime is the moral beliefs and socialization of the offender. If a person has been socialized to hold conventional beliefs, even in the presence of criminal opportunities, offenders would refrain from crime. Such is the strength of social bonds that serve as a buffer to counteract the lure of criminal activities. A criticism of routine activity theory states that opportunities to commit crime by youth do not generally lead to a crime committed when the parental controls are missing. Also suggesting that routine activity fails to ignore other theories in relation to the causes of crime, such associal learning theory[-17]. Another criticism of this theory says that even though opportunities for crime are high when both parents are involved in the workforce, crime can also be displaced to an area where there is low supervision by parents. Meaning regardless of situation, crime will still occur.

Shakespeares Othello - Desdemona in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Desdemona in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello, the wife of the protagonist is Desdemona. She is a lovely, intelligent, wholesome and pious person. This essay will analyze her.    In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigo’s help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before:    It is too true an evil: gone she is;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And what's to come of my despised time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is nought but bitterness. (1.1)    So obviously the senator has great respect for his daughter, or at least for the comforts which she has afforded him up the beginning of the play. This respect is shared by her new husband Othello, who says to Iago    that I love the gentle Desdemona,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would not my unhoused free condition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Put into circumscription and confine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the sea's worth. (1.2)    Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prison, till fit time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of law and course of direct session   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Call thee to answer. (1.2)    The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the father to permanently lose his daughter, mostly due to Desdemona’s own fluent presentation of her point of view in the city... ...he was heavenly true!† And upon the arrival of Iago, she publicly accuses him of lying:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You told a lie, an odious, damned lie;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She false with Cassio! (5.2)    Then she accuses him of causing murder: â€Å"And your reports have set the murder on.† Emilia’s stunning interrogation and conviction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iago’s murder of her. Gullible Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love for Desdemona prior to Iago’s machinations.    WORKS CITED    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.      

Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt

Prompt: Analyze changes and continuities in long-distance migrations in the period from 1700 to 1900. Be sure to include specific examples from at least TWO different world regions. The first migrations to the Americans were by cattle. The North had more slaves than the South. The South had a successful slave revolt. Trains in Russia caused the serfs to run faster. Teepees were mobile homes for Indians. Bantus migrated to California for the movie industry. Main technology that remained the same in migrations was shoes. Butterfly migration Chinese migrated to escape the weather. Migration is when a group of girls go to the bathroom together. There is no significant evidence and analysis of immigration to Antarctica. Think about it. Would you rather ride a camel or walk on hot sand? Land migration took longer because animals had to have restroom breaks. The Bantus always had nourishment and body parts to use for economic reasons. Stalin also put outrageous quotas on goods and if the quotas weren’t met, he cut off the limbs of your child. People came to America by cattle. Bantus migrated to Hawaii, where they brought new products. Adventures of penguins migrating from Antarctica. European pheasants migrated to America Ancient Egyptians migrated to South Africa every summer. When a Chinese person arrives in Egypt, the Chinese norms will be adopted by the Egyptians. When the invention of the train exploded, people were spread all over the world. The Vikings were Jewish. They became Christian when they invaded Europe. Australia was a pit stop for traders. If it wasn’t for the slave trade, President Obama wouldn’t exist and without expansion, Hawaii wouldn’t be a state, so Obama couldn’t be President. What’s so special about 1700 to 1900? Nothing. This should be enough. The Amish converted to Muslim and had to leave Amish territory. Jews would run from Germany to America. The Jews who came included Isaac Newton, who helped the U. S. invent the atomic bomb. Some things remain the same when it comes to migration. The Himalayas were located in India and still are. A problem with long-distance migration was in the space from Arica to America had water and other interruptions. Coastal regions were located near water. Sea migration was faster because you could just float. Bantus migrated to escape forced conversion to Islam and were introduced to Communism, bringing bananas. I hope you liked this break from the boring crap you usually read. Slaves were shipped to American through the Bermuda Triangle. The Bible migrated a lot. Peasants were treated like pets. The Mongols were like a hockey team, going from place to place to annihilate. Zombies will always migrate in search of brains. Trains were s low. Sometimes you could outrun them. Man y came to North America for job opportunities like trapping the French. The Bantus migrated to America in the 1800s. It took three years. There are no records of this. Birds migrate south for the winter and have been doing so for a long time. When slaves ran away, they often didn’t make it back to Africa. If people migrated through the Arctic, they would be cold. Romans migrated to Southern Connecticut but found life there to be difficult. People are bipolar so they move. Slaves caught the Underground Railroad.

Definition Of Tyranny The Unjust Use Of Government Power...

1) Definition of Tyranny: the unjust use of government power. 2) A ruler who uses power in this way is called a tyrant. 3) Definition of Repeal: To take back, or to cancel, a law. 4) Definition of Treason: The crime of betraying one s country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government. 5) Definition of Boycott: To refuse to buy one or more goods from a certain source. An organized refusal by many people is also called a boycott. 6) Definition of Duty: something that one is expected or required to do by moral or legal obligation. See more. 7) Definition of Petition: Noun: a formal, written request. Verb: To make a formal demand or request. 8) Definition of Hessian: a Hessian mercenary used by England during the American Revolution. 9) Definition of Guerilla warfare: Soldiers who operate on their own and are not apart of a regular Amy. 10) Is when the government does not interfere in the economy? 11) It put the monarch under the laws of regular people.it gave the English en the right to property and the exception to excessive taxes. 12) a) First right: the power to create laws is given to the elected representatives of parliament. b) Second right: the power to impose taxes belongs to the elected representatives of congress. c) Third right: the right to petition the king. d) Fourth right: to petition to trial by jury. 13) The first great awakening was in the 1730s and it was a religious movement that revived religious emotionShow MoreRelatedGeorge Hobbes And Locke s Theories On Government, Human Nature, And Natural Law1661 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. 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