Personal Narrative: Teaching Students to Enjoy Writing Essay -- Free Es

Writing is something that always came relatively easy to me. I was not the best educatee in High School, though that was earlier due to my lack of effort and enthusiasm. I was certainly cap able of doing the work, though baseball and Atari always seemed to come first. But with writing, I was most often able to produce the quality of work my parents expected of me in a short and painless amount of time.As I set such a scenario for you, both problems are clearly recognizable. The first lies in the lack of effort I put forth in my early schooling, and the second is that I recognized very(prenominal) early what my parents expectations of me were, though I failed to explore my own subdued expectations. They were bubbling just beneath the surface of my false faade of a student. It was not until my age in college, and my subsequent experience, although it is still in its infant stages, of pedagogy High School English that I began to appreciate writing and reading as a useful tool rath er than a mechanism for keeping a smile on my parents faces. When this released enthusiasm became part of my life, the latter of the scenarios problems quickly understand the former.He was a professor at SUNY Cortland, Ross Borden. And it was only by a twist of fate that my path was fortunate enough to cross with his. As I signed up for Early British Literature as an undergraduate, I expected simply to carry on with my typical style of enduring English, for my major was in the sciences. I had known from the time I graduated from High School that I was probably most apt to succeed in English, though my personal restraints pushed me away from it. Nonetheless, as I walked through the door to Early British Literature, I had expected a woman professor, as my schedule... ...everal times the corresponding word, definition, or phrase because he or she had acted inappropriately or missed a question. While the punishment is perhaps effective for some teachers, it instills in the student t he ideology that writing is a punishment. Thus the student will continue this attitude until someone, like Ross Borden, is effective enough to change it.While the difficulties in teaching students not only to be good writers, but also to enjoy writing are easy to complain about, they are not immediately changeable. Consequently, as a teacher of young writers, one must find a way to make the system work. Ross Borden found a way with me, and I rule I have found a way with many of my students, but not all of them. So I continue to read, and I continue to write, and I continue to teach, though I also continue to struggle with the many problems surrounding the field.

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay examples -- Papers Romeo

William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In the love story astir(predicate) Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is an important character as all the events are based on his actions. Romeo the son of Montague falls in love with Juliet the daughter of lord and lady Capulet, this creates a grave problem as the Capulets and Montagues have had a feud this has been festered for a long time. The impression I get of Romeo when he first comes on to the scene is that he sad and woful he also shows emotion with his words it is as if he intends on keeping himself to himself. Many a morning hath he there been seen, with tears augmenting the heady mornings dew. Lord Montague also says that Away from the barge steels home from my heavy son. This shows that Romeo is secretive and keeps away from daylight. This also shows that Romeo is trying to hide away from people as he has been seen in the early morning looking sad and even crying. So secret and so close Romeo wont tell any one what is wrong with him. Benvolio also makes his way to babble to him but even though he saw him he turned and walked off. Towards him I made but he was ware of me and stole off into the convent of the wood. When Romeo appears he looks sad and sorrowful, he says to benvolio Sad hours seem long. Romeos hours seem long because he is in love and the lady he loves doesnt love him back this makes him feel miserable as time is dragging on. Romeo also says that Out of her favour where I am in love This shows that Romeo is love sick for this girl but she doesnt insufficiency to give him anything in return, due to this he cannot forget his love ... ...on his enemy. Later on after the party had finished Romeo sneaked to see Juliet. When Romeo sees Juliet on the balcony talking to herself about Romeo how she loves him but how it impossible for them to be as both of their families are having a feud. Romeo decides to listen you her before replying Call me but love and Im be new baptised henceforth I never be Romeo When Romeo says this to Juliet he suggests to her that hew is prepared to deny his name and his family if she will love him. Romeo also tells Juliet how love overcomes all obstacles, he says that With loves light wings did I oeperch these walls for stony limits cannot hold love out By saying this to Juliet Romeo also tells her that he is risking his life coming to her this shows that Romeo is brave and would do anything for love.

F. Scott Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

F. Scott FitzgeraldFrancis Scott Fitzgeralds life is an example of both sides of the American Dream, the joys of young love, wealth and success, and the tragedies associated with success and failure. Named for another famous American, a unlike cousin who authored the Star Spangled Banner, Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul Minnesota on September 24, 1896. The son of a wicker furniture salesman (Edward Fitzgerald) and an Irish immigrant with a lot of money (Mary McQuillan), Fitzgerald grew up in a Catholic and upper middle class environment. Fitzgerald started writing at an early age. His high school theme published his detective stories, encouraging him to pursue writing more than academics. He dropped out of Princeton University to join the army and continued to pursue his obsession.At 21 days of age, he submitted his first novel for publication and Charles Scribners Sons rejected it, but with words of encouragement. Beginning a pattern of constant revising that would characterize his writing hyphen for the rest of his career. The U.S. army, stationed him near Montgomery, Alabama in 1918, where he met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre.      Three years into marriage, after the birth of their first and only child, Scottie, Fitzgerald spotless his best-known work "The Great Gatsby." The extravagant living made possible by such success, however, took its toll. Constantly living at various times in several different cities in Italy, France, Switzerland, and eight of the United States, the Fitzgeralds tried hard to escape from or do something about Scotts alcoholism and Zeldas mental illness. Zelda suffered several breakdowns in both her physical and mental health, and sought treatment in and out of clinics from 1930 until her death. Things were looking up for Fitzgerald near the end of his life - he won a contract in 1937 to write for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Hollywood and fell in love with Sheilah Graham, a movie columnist.

Gender Discrimination in Nursing :: Nursing Essays

Today, most people perceive nursing as a women profession. Men who enter this field arrive at been looked at as outcasts. Many individuals feel that a man does not belong in a feminine? profession. I believe that statement to be untrue and unfair. The go forth of gender discrimination in nursing is the same as other professions. The only difference is nursing is dominated by women, and men are the minority fighting for equality. Gender or sex discrimination involves treating an employee or a class of employees differently because of gender. Whenever this discrimination affects the terms or conditions of employment, it is illegal. Gender-based disparate treatment of employees with learn to pay, title, position, hours worked and vacation time is generally considered illegal and morally wrong. Just 2.7 percent of the working nurse population in the United States are men. To understand wherefore nursing is dominated by women we welcome to examine the it?s history. Male nurses may b elong, but there?s still not many around. tally to the U.S. Labor Department statistics, 6.7 percent of registered nurses were male(statistics). Gender discrimination in nursing exists because of prejudices male students encounter in the classroom, in the workplace and with the patients. Over the historic period discrimination of males in the nursing has declined but just like racial discrimination it still exist. To understand gender discrimination in nursing we mustiness first understand the past. Nursing was found in the 3rd century in ancient Rome and was dominated by men. (Gender) Since the 20th century women have dominated the nursing profession. (Gender) Actually in the 1917 American Nurse Association was founded, and no men where allowed. (Gender) The rule eventually changed in 1930, allowing men the right to be a nurse Classroom prejudice is my first reason of discrimination against male nurses. In an interview I conducted with Derrick Johnson a registered nurse he decla red that In most of his classes the curriculum and teaching styles where centered towards women(Johnson). Johnson goes on to state that While he was in nursing school he could never recall a time he read some thing in one of his textbooks referring to men as nurses(Johnson). These examples given by Johnson proves that nursing educators fail to acknowledge the involve of male students. I myself am a sophomore in the College of Nursing at the University of Cincinnati. In the year in and a half that I have attended this university I too have experience gender discrimination by professors in nursing.

The New Deal :: American America History

The New DealThe New Deal was a political and social plan that was the presidential streamlet platform of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt was very vague about what it was and actual measures to be taken while running for president, the New Deal was the shinning hope for many Americans who had lost their jobs or were living in poverty. After the United States had plummeted into the greatest depression to face this country while Herbert Hoover lead the country, many voters were looking for anyone with a vivid plan and a bright outlook. As banks closed and unemployment rates soared, Roosevelt promised a balanced budget, and spoke of Hoovers rash and excessive spending. The election of 1932 was a landslide in Roosevelts favor, and he quickly took over as soon as he began his term. Roosevelt called a special session of Congress lasting from March 9 until June 16 in 1933. Roosevelt began to put his New Deal into action. With a democratic majority in Congress on his side, Roo sevelt churned out legislation rapidly from the generally marshy machine of Congress. Banks had been closing all over the country due to frightened citizens withdrawing all of their money. In order to increase trust in them, Congress passed the apprehension Banking Relief Act of 1933, which allowed the government to reopen closed banks, and regulate banking and foreign exchange. The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act was later passed in order to form the Federal squeeze Insurance Corporation, insurance to civilians for their banking deposits up to $5,000, which was later raised. These to bills encouraged the public to once again trust their banks, and to deposit money in the banks instead of hiding it on a lower floor their mattresses. Compared to the more than 4,000 bank failures of 1933, there were only 57 in 1934 because of these actions. The Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Home Owners Loan Corporation were both formed to religious service farmers and other households wit h paying their mortgages, as well as helping the mortgage-holding banks to stay in business. The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act suspended mortgage foreclosures for three years, and go farmers with small amounts of poor land to better areas. Trees were planted in the deserted areas in an attempt to prevent soil erosion and block the wind.Moving on from this, Roosevelt decreed that all privately owned gold be turned in to the Treasury and to be paid back in paper money.

The New Deal :: American America History

The New DealThe New Deal was a political and social plan that was the presidential apparent motion platform of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt was very vague about what it was and actual measures to be taken while running for president, the New Deal was the shinning hope for many Americans who had lost their jobs or were living in poverty. After the United States had plummeted into the greatest depression to face this country while Herbert Hoover lead the country, many voters were looking for anyone with a promise plan and a bright outlook. As banks closed and unemployment rates soared, Roosevelt promised a balanced budget, and spoke of Hoovers rash and excessive spending. The election of 1932 was a landslide in Roosevelts favor, and he quickly took over as soon as he began his term. Roosevelt called a special session of Congress lasting from March 9 until June 16 in 1933. Roosevelt began to put his New Deal into action. With a democratic majority in Congress on his s ide, Roosevelt churned out legislation rapidly from the generally idle machine of Congress. Banks had been closing all over the country due to frightened citizens withdrawing all of their money. In order to increase trust in them, Congress passed the need Banking Relief Act of 1933, which allowed the government to reopen closed banks, and regulate banking and foreign exchange. The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act was later passed in order to form the Federal depository Insurance Corporation, insurance to civilians for their banking deposits up to $5,000, which was later raised. These to bills encouraged the public to once again trust their banks, and to deposit money in the banks instead of hiding it under their mattresses. Compared to the more than 4,000 bank failures of 1933, there were only 57 in 1934 because of these actions. The Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Home Owners Loan Corporation were both formed to inspection and repair farmers and other households with payi ng their mortgages, as well as helping the mortgage-holding banks to stay in business. The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act suspended mortgage foreclosures for three years, and locomote farmers with small amounts of poor land to better areas. Trees were planted in the deserted areas in an attempt to prevent soil erosion and block the wind.Moving on from this, Roosevelt decreed that all privately owned gold be turned in to the Treasury and to be paid back in paper money.

Information Systems and Organization Essay

This newspaper, and the circumscribed issue, address relationships among nurture systems and changes in the presidential term of forward-looking enterprise, both(prenominal) within and across firms. The emerging arrangingal paradigm involves complementary changes in multiple dimensions. The revolution in instruction systems merits special attention as both cause and effect of the organisational transmutation. This can be illustrated by considering 2 expose variables the location of teaching and the location of ratiocination rights in organizations. Depending on the costs of training transmission and treat, either the MIS solution of transportation systemring development, or the organizational redesign solution of moving decision rights, can be an effective fire toward achieving the necessary collocation of information and decision rights.When information systems change radically, one cannot expect the optimal organizational social system to be unaffected. Consid ering the interplay among information, incentives and decision rights in a unified fashion leads to new insights and a better organizational planning. The paper in the special issue address different facets of this interaction. Despite significant progress, our sagacity of the economic role of information systems in organizations remains in its infancy. We conclude that successful design of modern enterprise result require further confiningof the historic gap between research in information systems and research in economics.The organization of work is in the midst of transformation. In many industries, mussiness production by large, vertically-integrated, hierarchically-organized firms is giving way to much(prenominal) flexible forms of both internal organization and industrial social system. Work is increasingly accomplished with engagements of smaller, much than(prenominal) focused enterprises. The resulting structure of loosely match sub-organizations blurs the bou ndaries of both firms and industries.A canonical case in point is the computer industry. In the past, the industry was rule by large, vertically-integrated firms such as IBM and Digital Equipment which created products and services throughout the value chain from the microprocessor level all the way up to the provision of solutions. The vertical structure is instantaneously being replaced by a series of layers, each of which is, in effect, a separate industry. Value is generated by ever-changing alinements, where each member of a coalition specializes in its area of core competence and leverages it through the use of tactical or strategic partnerships. Internally, team structures are replacing the traditional hierarchical form, and the silicon Valley model of internal organization is emerging as a clear winner.3 Internal incentives are increasingly based on performance, and this further blurs the differences between inter- and intra-firm stupefys. In sum, modern enterprise is u ndergoing major restructuring.In this short paper we briefly discuss the newly emerging organizational paradigms and their relationship to the prevailing trends in information technology (IT). We argue that IT is an important driver of this transformation. Finally, we place the studies selected for this special issue of the Journal of Organizational Computing within this context.1. Emerging Organizational Paradigms Symptoms and CausesAt the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor sought to put the nascent scholarshipfor successful business organization on a scientific basis. His work guided a extension of handlers towards success in meshing their organizations with the technologies, markets, labor and general environment of the era. By the 1920s, Henry Ford had applied the Taylorist approach with a vengeance and soon dominated the automobile market, driving dozens of competitors under. Ironically, these same principles are almost diametrically opposed to the prevailing wisdom of th e 1990s. For example, consider the look outing guideline from The Science of circumspection 1It is necessary in any activity to possess a complete companionship of what is to be done and to prepare instructions the laborer has only to follow instructions. He need not stop to think.The current emphasis on empowerment, learning organizations, and even thriving on chaos stands in incisive contrast to Meyers advice (cf. 2 , 3 ). Similar contrast can be raise with many, if not most, of the other principles that lead to success even as late as the 1960s. Consider, for example, the increment calls for downsizing (vs. economies of scale), focus (vs. conglomerates), total quality (vs. cost leadership), project teams (vs. functional departments), supplier partnerships (vs. maximizing bargaining power), networked organization (vs. clear firm boundaries) performance-based pay (vs. icy pay), and local liberty (vs. rigid hierarchy).Milgrom and Roberts 4 set out the point that the differ ent characteristics of modern manufacturing, an important example of the emerging organizational paradigm, are often heightsly complementary. This complementarity, coupled with the natural tendency to change organizational attri preciselyes one at a time, makes the transition from one paradigm to another peculiar(a)ly severe. Strong complementarity implies that in assign to be successful, change must be implemented simultaneously along a number of related dimensions. Organizations that adopt only one or two come upon components of the new organizational paradigm may fail simply by virtue of this complementarity.For instance, Jaikumars 5 study of 95 US and Japanese companies found that the majority of US companies had failed to achieve productivityincreases despite switching to flexible manufacturing technology. The reason was that they had preserved dozens of manufacturing practices such as long production runs and high work-in-process inventory levels, which complemented the ol d technology but kept the new technology from fulfilling its potential. Thus, the transition from the old structure to the new one is overwhelmingly complex. The switch would be easier if we apply design guided by theory instead of piecemeal evolution.There are many possible explanations for the change in the prevailing wisdom regarding organizational design. For instance, it is common to justify calls for radical change with reference to heightened competitive pressures although firms that applied the old principles were among the most successful competitors of their day, presumably the nature of competition has changed in or so way. Others suggest that consumer tastes have changed, making customized items more appealing than they once were. While historians would argue that the taste for mass marketed items was itself something that had to be developed in the aboriginal days of mass production, change magnitude wealth or social stratification may make this more difficult today. It can also be argued that some of the new principles were as applicable fifty years ago as they are today, but that they simply had not yet been discovered.Although the enablers of the current organizational transformation are undoubtedly numerous and far from mutually independent, we would like to single one out for special attention the rise in IT. Brynjolfsson 6, p.6 argues that IT is an appropriate campaigner for explaining these changes for three reasonsFirst, compared to other explanations, the advances in information technology have a particularly reasonable claim to being both novel and exogenous. Many of the first harmonic technological breakthroughs that enable todays vast information infrastructure were made less than a generation ago and were driven more by progress in physics and engineering than business demand. Second, the growth in information technology investment is of a large enough magnitude to be economically significant the result has been what is commonly referred to as the information explosion Third, there is asound basis for expecting an association between the costs of technologies that manage information and the organization of economic activity. The firm and the market have each been frequently modeled as primarily information processing institutions (see Galbraith 7 and Hayek 8 , respectively).Miller 9 foresaw the lynchpin features of the new paradigm as a natural outcome of the information era and the associated economy of choiceThe new technologies will allow managers to handle more functions and widen their span of carry. Fewer levels of way hierarchy will be required, enabling companies to flatten the pyramid of todays management structure. The new information technologies allow decentralization of decision-making without loss of management awareness thus employees at all levels can be encouraged to be more creative and intrapreneurial. The key responsibility of the CEO will be leadership to capture the light or energie s of the organization like a lens and focus them on the key strategic objectives.The new organizational paradigm is indeed intertwined with the structure of an organizations information systems. Under the old paradigm, the firm was governed by a comparatively rigid functional structure. This separation into distinct and sound-defined organizational units economizes on the information and conferences requirements across functional units and reduces cost and complexity. There is a tradeoff, and the old structure is less flexible, less responsive and ultimately results in lower quality. In our view, the growing use of IT and the trend towards networking and client-server computing are both a cause and an effect of the organizational transition.Lowering the costs of horizontal communication theory, facilitating teamwork, enabling flexible manufacturing and providing information support for time management and quality control are key enablers on the supply side. It is equally clear that the new organizational paradigm demands new information systems nothing can be more devastating for cross-functional teamwork than a rigid information system that inhibits cross-functional information flows. We can unify these perspectives by noting that the structure of the organizations information system is a key element oforganizational transformation. Changes in IT change the nature of organizations just as changes in organizational structure drive the development of new technologies.2. information Systems, Economics and Organizational StructureJensen and Meckling 10 provide a useful framework for studying the complementarities between information systems, incentive structures and decision rights in organizations. In their framework, the structure of an organization is specified by three key elements (i) The allocation of decision rights (i.e., who is responsible for what actions/decisions) (ii) the incentive system, which defines how decision makers are to be rewarded (o r penalized) for the decisions they make and (iii) a observe and measurement scheme used to evaluate these actions and their outcomes.According to Jensen and Meckling, informational variables are key to the structure of organizations because the quality of decisions is determined by the quality of information available to the decision maker. The co-location of information and decision rights enables the decision maker to make optimal decisions. The implementation of this co-location depends on the nature of the pertinent information. Jensen and Meckling distinguish between peculiar(prenominal) knowledge which is localized, difficult to represent and transfer, and depends on idiosyncratic circumstances, and general knowledge which can be easily summarized, communicated and shared by decision makers. zero(prenominal), there are two ways to bring information and decision rights together (i) The MIS solution transfer the information required for the decision to the decision maker, us ing the organizations (possibly non-automated) information systems or (ii) the organizational redesign solution redesign the organizational structure so that the decision making authority is where the pertinent information is. By definition, general knowledge which is useful for a decision calls for the MIS solution because it can be transferred at low cost. In contrast, when specific knowledge plays a key role in a decision, the best solution calls for restructuring decisionrights so as to provide the decision authority to the one who experiencees or has access to the pertinent information (since the transfer of specific knowledge is too costly).4Jensen and Meckling thus represent the structure of organizations as an efficient response to the structure of their information costs. But then, a change in information costs must induce a change in organizational structure. In particular, IT has changed the costs of processing and transferring certain types of information (e.g. quantita tive data), but has done little for other types (e.g. implicit knowledge or skills). IT changes the structure of organizations by facilitating certain information flows as well as by act knowledge that used to be specific into general knowledge. By developing a taxonomy of information types and identifying the differential impacts of new technologies on their transferability and importance, we can take a significant step towards applying the simple insight that information and authority should be co-located 11 .Intra-organizational networks and workgroup computing facilities reduce the information costs of teamwork and hence make it a more efficient solution to the organizational design problem. Client-server computing technology lowers cross-functional (as well as geographic) barriers. IT (when applied properly) streamlines the types of information that used to be the raison detre of middle management quantitative control information and turns it into general knowledge that can be readily dribbleted to, and processed by, people other than those who originally gathered the data. A reduction in the number of management layers and the thinning out of middle management ranks is the predictable result.Similar considerations apply to enterprises that cross firm boundaries. As a simple example, consider the organization of trading activities 12, 13, 14 . Traditionally, trading took place on the floor of an exchange, which was the locus of numerous pieces of specific knowledge, ranging from the hand signals indicating bids and offers to buy and sell a security to traders facial expressions and the atmosphere on the floor of the exchange. Under that structure, much of the information pertinent to trading is specific andlocalized to the floor. Thus, when an investor instructs her broker to sell 1,000 shares of a given stock, the broker transmits the order to the floor of the exchange and only the floor broker attempts to provide best doing.The decision rights (her e, for the trading decisions) are course delegated to the decision maker who has the pertinent specific knowledge, and since that knowledge resides on the floor of the exchange, the floor broker is best suited to have the decision rights. applied science, and in particular screen-based systems, turns much of the specific knowledge on the floor (i.e., bids and offers) into general knowledge. This recesss decision rights up from the floor to the brokers screens. The inevitable result is the decline of the trading floor and the increased importance of brokers trading rooms. The demise of the trading floor in exchanges that turned to screen-based trading (such as London and Paris) is a natural outcome of the shift in the locus of knowledge. More generally, markets in particular, electronic markets transform specific knowledge into general knowledge 15 .Ironically, even as IT has sped up many links of the information processing chain and vastly increased the amount of information avai lable to any one decision-maker, it has also led to the phenomenon of information overload. This can mayhap best be understood by a generalization of the Jensen and Meckling framework to include finite human information processing capacity. As more information moves from the specific category to the general category, the limiting factor becomes not what information is available but rather a matter of finding the human information processing capacity needed to attend to and process the information.Computers appear to have exacerbated the surfeit of information relative to processing capacity, perhaps because the greatest advances have occurred in the processing and storage of structured data, which is generally a complement, not a substitute, for human information processing. As computer and communications components increase their speed, the human stymie in the information processing chain becomes ever more apparent. breeding overload, when interpreted in light of this framework, c an provide an explanation for the increased autonomy and pay-for-performancethat characterize a number of descriptions of the new managerial work (cf. 6 ). Economizing on information costs means that more decision rights are delegated to line managers who possess the idiosyncratic, specific knowledge necessary to accomplish their tasks. Shifting responsibility from the overburdened top of the hierarchy to line personnel not only reduces the information processing load at the top of the hierarchy, but also cuts down unnecessary communications up and down the hierarchy.This blurs the traditional distinction between conceptualization and execution and broadens the scope of decision rights delegated to lower level managers. By the Jensen-Meckling 10 framework, any such shift in decision authority (and in the associated routing of information) must also be accompanied by a change in the structure of incentives. Disseminating information more broadly is ever easier with IT, allowing line workers to take into account information that goes well beyond the formerly-narrow definitions of their job.Meanwhile, providing the right incentives for the newly empowered work force is an equally crucial element of the current reorganization of work. Agency theory predicts that performance-based pay is necessary when decision rights are decentralized (otherwise, the agents may be induced to act in ways that are inconsistent with overall organizational goals). It therefore follows that incentive-based stipend is appropriate for better-informed workers 16.5 Thus, the confluence of better-informed workers, an empowered workforce and more incentive-based pay is consistent with our thesis that IT is a key driver of the new organizational paradigm.Furthermore, the theory of uncompleted contracts suggests that the analysis can be extended to include interorganizational changes such as increased reliance on outsourcing and networks of other firms for key components 17 . Here again the shift can be explained in incentive terms one ultimate incentive is ownership, so entrepreneurs are likely to be more innovative and fast-growing(a) than the same individuals working as division managers. Both within and across organizations, then, changes in information systems are accompanied by changes in incentives and in the organization of work.3. The Special IssueThe papers in this special issue attest to the role of information systems in the structure of modern enterprise and the blurring of the differences between inter- and intra-firm transactions. starting from the firms level, Barrons paper studies how a firm determines its internal organization and how IT affects this determination. Barron considers a traditional firm, with well-defined boundaries that are endogenously determined by considering flexibleness and scope of control. Ching, Holsapple and Whinston broaden the scope of the enterprise to the network organization a construct obtained by tying together a numbe r of firms that cooperate through a well-defined communication mechanism.Specifically, they use a command protocol to manage the relationship between suppliers and producers. Beath and Ang examine another form of inter-firm cooperation, the comparative contract, in the context of computer software-development outsourcing. They show how relational contracts embody a relationship that can be characterized as a network consisting of two organizations. Whang studies a more subtle form of networking information share-out between buyers and suppliers. Bakos and Brynjolfsson examine the impact of incentives and information costs on the nature of buyer-supplier relationships. They show that committing to a partnership with a small number of suppliers can be an optimal strategy for a buyer because it will maximize the suppliers incentives for non-contractible investments such as information sharing, innovation or quality.The papers thus present a spectrum ranging from a study of the boun daries of the traditional firm through different forms of networking to explicit buyer-supplier relationships. A common theme is the organization of work so as to reduce overall information costs not only within an organization but across them as well. The living enterprise is often (though not always) the one that attempts to reduce information costs while capitalizing on the comparative advantage of the participating organizations. This calls for opportunistic cooperation that benefits the members of the network for as long as they cooperate.IT reduces the costs of such cooperation byfacilitating communication and increasing the flexibility of the participating organizations. Using the Jensen-Meckling terminology, different network participants can make more effective use of their specific knowledge when the costs of transferring and processing general knowledge are reduced. Further, technology enables the development of markets that, by their very nature, transform specific knowl edge into general knowledge. Thus, the bidding and communications protocols proposed by Ching, Holsapple and Whinston in their paper Modeling Network Organizations effectively transform the specific knowledge inherent in the production technology of the competing suppliers into general knowledge that encompasses not only prices but also their reputations. From this perspective, IT is key to the development of network organizations.In his paper Impacts of cultivation Technology on Organizational Size and Shape Control and Flexibility do, Barron builds a stylized quantitative model to study the impact of IT on the structure of organizations. Examining flexibility and scope of control, he identifies sixteen different cases with different patterns of the actual causality between IT and firm structure. Barron shows that simplistic statements regarding the impact of IT are not as straightforward as one might imagine due to the interaction of size, scope and flexibility. His results sugg est that the impact of IT is rather complex, and that further specification is necessary preceding to making predictions on the impact of IT on organizational size or shape.Hierarchical Elements in Software Contracts by Beath and Ang focuses on the contractual structure of outsourced software development. This is an interesting example of the new organizational paradigm because of the key role of information systems in any organization. Effective software development hinges on cooperation, communication and joint management which are at the heart of the new organizational paradigm. Beath and Ang examine the mechanisms used to govern outsourcing projects as specified in their outsourcing contracts.They suggest that the relational contract, which converts an arms-length transaction into a joint project with governance and resolution procedures that resemble those used by firms internally, is aneffective way to accomplish this. Thus, while Ching, Holsapple and Whinston view bidding an d explicit reputation formation as the alphabet of the network organization, Beath and Ang view actual contract clauses as the key linguistic constructs. The paper shows how the structure of the contract is driven by the attributes of the project as well as those of the parties to the transaction.In Analysis of Economic Incentives for Inter-Organizational Information Sharing, Whang addresses the question of information sharing in non-cooperative buyer-supplier settings. Whang studies this question for two different models. He first shows that due to adverse incentives, suppliers will not be willing to share information regarding their costs. The situation is different when the information to be conveyed is regarding the expected delay or lead time. Whang shows that suppliers are better off disclosing lead-time information to buyers (when the demand wrick for their product is convex). This result is consistent with our general thesis, whereas the former one introduces a note of caut ion adverse incentives pose limits to the scope of information sharing among network organizations.In From Vendors to Partners Information Technology and Incomplete Contracts in Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Bakos and Brynjolfsson start with the assumption that, in many cases, complete information exchange between two firms will be infeasible, so any contract between them will be incomplete in the sense that some contingencies will remain unspecified. They then look how the interplay of IT and organizational structure can affect the role of non-contractible investments, such as innovation, quality and the exchange of information.For example, Bakos and Brynjolfsson show that when fewer suppliers are employed, they collectively capture a larger share of the benefits of the relationship, and this will increase their incentives to make non-contractible investments. As a result, even when search costs are very low, it may be preferred for the buyer to limit the number of employed suppl iers, leading to a partnership-type of relationship, rather than aggressively bargaining for all the benefits by threatening to switch among numerous ersatz suppliers. Like Whang, they show that the incentive effects of the applications of IT must be explicitly considered in any modelof their effect on inter-organizational cooperation.4. ConclusionIn this paper, we have stressed the joint determination of the location of information and decision rights. The default mechanism used to achieve this co-location depends on ones point of reference. Information Systems researchers are likely to take the locus of decision authority for granted. They will typically focus their attention on devising schemes that will efficiently organize, retrieve, sort, filter, transmit and display information for designated decision makers.In contrast, the economist is likely to focus on the allocation of decision rights and the concomitant effect on incentives.6 As we discussed in Section 2, transferring information and transferring decision authority are two sides of the same question. Because economics and information systems research evolved to address different problems, this complementarity long went unnoticed.Each of the papers in the special issue addresses a different aspect of the interplay among information, incentives and the structure of economic enterprise. In every case, insights resulted when both information and incentives were explicitly considered. Each paper contributes an additional piece to an emerging mosaic that describes not only the features of the new organization, but also gives some insight into their theoretic underpinnings.The papers in this special issue also highlight the incomplete state of knowledge in the subject area and the dearth of empirical guidance to the formulation and testing of theoretical research. We started this paper with a discussion of the computer industry as the canonical example of the new paradigm as exercised in Silicon Valley, and continued by arguing that its products actually fuel the shift to this paradigm. It is only appropriate to close the loop by examining the dictum of that paradigm as it applies to the inner workings of firms in the computer industry. A major effort along these lines in being undertaken by one of the authors and his colleagues in Stanford Universitys Computer Industry Project.Understanding these changes so that they can be harnessed for productive ends remains a central challenge for the next decade of research. The rapid progress in designing computers and communications systems contrasts starkly with the uncertainty clouding organizational design. Yet, new ways of organizing will be necessary before the potential of IT can be realized.Furthermore, because the new organizational paradigms involve numerous complementarities, the trial-and-error methods which were important in the rise of the organizational forms of the past century, such as large hierarchies and mass markets, ma y be mismatched for making the next transition. Understanding and implementing one aspect of a new organizational structure without regard to its interaction with other aspects can leave the make the organization worse off than if no modifications at all were made. Design, rather than evolution, is called for when significant changes must be made along multiple dimensions simultaneously.Successful organizational design, in turn, requires that we understand the flow of information among humans and their agents every bit as well as we understand the flow of electrons in chips and wires. Perhaps, then, the revolution in information processing capabilities not only calls for a change in business organization, but also a re-evaluation of the historic separation between Information Systems and Economics.REFERENCES1 Meyers, G. The Science of Management. In C. B. Thompson (Eds.), Scientific Management Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1914.2 Kanter, R. M. The New Managerial Work. Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, 1989, pp. 85-92.3 Peters, T. Thriving on Chaos, Handbook for a Management Revolution. New York Knopf, 1988.4 Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. The Economics of young Manufacturing Technology, Strategy, and Organization. American Economic Review, Vol. 80, No. 3, 1990.5 Jaikumar, R. Post-Industrial Manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1986, pp. 69-76.6 Brynjolfsson, E. Information Technology and the New Managerial Work. Working Paper 3563-93. MIT, 1990.7 Galbraith, J. Organizational Design. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley, 1977.8 Hayek, F. A. The Use of acquaintance in Society. American Economic Review, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1945.9 Miller, W. F. The Economy of Choice. In Strategy, Technology and American Industry HBS Press, 1987.10 Jensen, M. and Meckling, W. Knowledge, Control and Organizational Structure Parts I and II. In Lars, Werin and Hijkander (Eds.), Contract Economics (pp.251-274). Cambridge, MA Basil Blackwell, 1992.11 Mendelson, H. On Cent ralization and Decentralization. Stanford, forthcoming, 1993.12 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. An Integrated Computerized Trading System. In Market Making and the Changing Structure of the Securities Industry (pp. 217-235). Lexington Heath, 1985.13 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. (1989). The Effects of Computer-Based Trading on Volatility and Liquidity. In H. C. Lucas Jr. and R. A. Schwartz (Eds.), The Challenge of Information Technology for the Securities Markets. (pp. 59-85). Dow Jones-Irwin.14 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. Liquidity, Volatility and Exchange Automation. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Vol. 3, Fall, 1988, pp. 369-395.15 Malone, T. W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R. I. Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1987, pp. 484-497.16 Baker, G. P. Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 3, June, 1992.17 Brynjolfsson, E. An Incomplete Contracts Theory of Information, T echnology, and Organization. Management Science, forthcoming, 1993.

Volume and Cm

AREA (i) The field of force of a rhombus is equal to the area of a triangle whose base and the corresponding altitudeare 24. 8 cm and 16. 5 cm respectively. If one of the diagonal of the rhombus is 22 cm, point out the duration of the other diagonal. (ii) The floor of a rectangular hall has a perimeter 250m. If the cost of paining the four walls at therate of Rs 10 per m2 is Rs 1500. Find the tiptop ofthe hall. (iii) A direction is half as long again as it is broad. The cost of carpeting the room at Rs 3. 25 per m2 is Rs 175. 50 and the cost of paper the walls at Rs 1. 40 per m2 is Rs 240. 80.If 1 door and 2 windows occupy 8m2, find the dimensions of the room. (iv) A river 2m deep and 45m wide is flowing at the rate of 3 km per hour. Find the mess of water that runs into the sea per minute. (v) A closed cylinder has diameter 8cm and point 10cm. Find its total step up area and volume. (vi) The volume of a metallic cylinder thermionic valve is 748cm3 . Its length is 14 cm and e xternal diameter 18cm. Find its thickness. (vii) A rounded bucket, 28cm in diameter 72cm utmost is large of water. The water is emptied into a rectangular tank, 66cm long and 28cm wide. Find the height of the water level in the tank. viii) A cylindrical tube, open at both ends, is do of metal. The internal diameter of the tube is 10. 4cm and its length is 25cm. The thickness of the metal is 8mm everywhere. Calculatethe volume of the metal. (ix) The difference between outside and inside surface of a cylindrical metallic piping 14cm long is 44cm2 . If the pipe is made of 99 cm3 . Find the outside and upcountry radii of the pipe. Volume and surface area. 1. A comprehend cylindrical pipe is 21 dm long. Its outer and inner diameters are 10cm and 6cm respectively. Find the volume of copper used in making the pipe. 2.The height of a right orotund cylinder is 10. 5m. Three times the sum of the areas of its two circular faces is twice the area of the curved surface. Find the volume of the cylinder. 3. The circumference of the base of a 10m high conical tent is 44m. Calculatethe length of canvas used in making the tent if width of canvas is 2m. 4. The radius and height of a bevel are in the ratio 43 the area of the base is 154cm2. find the area of the curved surface. 5. The volume of a metallic cylindrical pipe is 748cm3 . Its length is 14 cm and its external radius is 9 cm. Find its thickness. . A well of inner diameter 14m is dug to a depth of 15m. state taken out of it has been evenly spread all around it to a width of 7m to form an embankment. Find the height of the embankment. 7. A cloth having an area of 165m is regulate into a cylindrical tent of radius 5m. How many students can sit in the tent if a student occupies 5/7 m2 ? Find the volume of air for each student. 8. The difference between inside and outside surfaces of cylindrical tube 14cm long is 88 sq. cm. If the volume of the tube is 176 cubic cm. find the inner and outer radii of the tube. 9.The a rea of three adjacent faces of a cuboidal box are 120cm2, 72cm2 and 60cm2 respectively. Find the volume of the box. 10. The total surface area of a hollow cylinder which is open from both sides is 4620cm2, area of base ring is 15. 5cm2 and height 7cm. Find the thickness of the cylinder. Questions for Homework assignment 1. Anunderground watertank isin the shapeofcube ofside 7 m. What will be its volume? 2. What will be volume of a box whose length16 m, width 8 m and height is 5 m? 3. The length, breadth and height of a room are 12 m, 10 m, and 9m respectively. Find the area ofour walls of room? . The volume of a cube is27a3. Find the length of its edge? 5. How much Aluminium sheet will be required to chance upon a container with palpebra whose length is 13 m, breadth is 8 m and height is 4 m? 6. The volume of a cube is1331cm3. Find the length of its edge? 7. The length of diagonal of a cube is 17. 32 cm. Find the volume of that cube? 8. Three cubes whose sides are 6 cm, 8 cm and 1 0 cm. They are molten and form a cube. Find the volume of that cube? 9. Two cubes have edge 10 m. Their edges have been joined and form a cuboid. What will be the surface area of cuboid thus formed? 0. The total volume of a cube is 512 cubic cm. Find the side of a cube? 11. A rectangular box 14 cm long, 10 cm wide and 5 cm high is to be made with card-board. Find the area of card-board to make that box? 12. What will be the volume of a cylindrical tank whose radius is 7 cm and height is 5 cm? 13. How many unassailable spheres of2/3cmradius can be made from a solidsphere of2 cm radius? 14. If the volume and surface area of a sphere is numerically same then what will be its radius? 15. The volume of a right circular cylinder is392? cm3and its height is 8 cm. Find the radius?

Iran Nuclear Program

I) Introduction Iran started their thermonuclear program since 1979 and claimed that the purpose is for peaceful scarce the western believes that Iran is developing artillery units. The UNs International atomic Energy Agency published a report which complained that it had been unable to provide credible assurance ab bulge out the absence of undeclared material and activities in Iran and that it move to take up serious concerns regarding military dimensions to Irans nuclear program. II) Con tent 1) The military force Iran wants to build deliverable nuclear weapons quickly and it may considerably want, at some points, to develop the gos themselves. This is deeply worrying to Israel ( tai vi sao). _ It also alarms nearby states, which fear Iranian power and could lead some of them Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Egypt, perhaps Turkey to seek nuclear weapons of their own. Many fear that this would make the region which is non stable much more terrible. _ The possibility of an Iranian b omb comes closer with every revolutions of the centrifuges in its underground amelioratement plants.Israels director of military intelligence, General Kochavi, says that Iran has obtained 4 t atomic number 53s of uranium enriched to 3. 5% and another 100kg enriched to 20%. It could possibly enrich from 20% to 90% and thus, the uranium would be enough for up to four nuclear weapons. General Kochavi says that it would only when take the Iranians a year to make a crude device and another one or two years to put together a nuclear warhead that would fit on a ballistic projectile. _ For Israel, there is no more opportunity to effectively deal with the Iranian.Although Iran has shown some intent to return to the bargaining table with the West, little progress do in the past and Iran continues expand its uranium-enrichment capabilities with the ongoing installation of centrifuges at Natanz and Fordow, which is known as its two enrichment plant. _ Although Israel likes the use of sancti ons to make Iran stop its nuclear activities, there appears to be an implicit assumption within Irael that the military force would be required to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons.Even the attack would be bellly Israel considers it to be a price worth paying to remove what it considers to be an existential threat to the country. ( Nuclear Fallout) 2) The Sanction It is true to say that If Iran were to gain a weapon only for its own protection, others in the region might then feel they need weapons too. Saudi Arabia has said it will arm- and Pakistan is thought ready to supply a bomb in exchange for earlier Saudi backing of its own program. Turkey and Egypt, the regional powers, might conclude they have to join the nuclear club. A Middle East with five nuclear powers riven by rivalry and sectarian feuds, each would have its fingers permanently twitching over the button, in the belief that the one that pressed first would be left standing. Theres no wonder that some peop le want a pre-emptive strike. However, military motion is not the best solution for stopping the nuclear program in Iran. There are 3 reason why military force is not an option First, even Israel was lucky in solo missions against the weapons program of Iraq, in 1981, and Syria, in 2007 striking Iran would be much harder.Irans sites are spread out and some of them demand extracted hits. Iran has a number of nuclear and related missile facilities some with hardened features- that are widely dispersed across the country, with the just about well protected facilities in Iran. If an attack were designed to damage Irans ability to construct a nuclear weapon, it would be necessary to destroy four main targets the uranium-enrichment halls at Natanz and Fordow the Arak reactor and Irans existing stockpile of enriched uranium. All of them located in hardened area which make them difficult to be destroyed in an air launched attack.The Natanz underground plant is constructed of two-meter thick concrete walls and buried beneath estimated 10 meters soils, making it challenging target. The Fordow uranium-enrichment facility located in Tehran would be even be more difficult site for Israel to destroy since it is deeply buried in rugged mountain terrain. A successful air-launched attack on this facility would need to penetrate through a considerable volume of the mountain to collapse the facilitys interior space, which Israel munitions would engagement to achieve, and although any centrifuges operating during an attack would probably be destroyed from the ground shock, they ould be replaced relatively quickly if the facility survived and the required equipment were available. The biggest question is whether an Israel strike would have any impact on the centrifuge chamber at Fordow, said to be buried 80 meters deep. The answer is Yes, there could be a 35% 90% chance of the Israel weapons arriving at just the right place and at least one bomb would penetrate the facilit y if the Israel military use the F-15Is aimed the GBU-28 and GBU-27 and repeat hit several times. But even if things went off, Iran would retain the capacity to repair and reconstitute its program.Even a successful Israel strike might thus delay Irans progress by only three or four years. An American attack might gain five years or even ten it could drop more bombs on more of the sites, and much bigger bombs its B-2s carry GBU-57, weighing almost 14 tones. An American attack thus remains a possibility, and will continue to be one up to the day Iran fields weapons. But America is unlikely to rush into a strike following an Israel mission. American has its own reason not to attack Iran now. Iran is a vast populous and sophisticated country, thus, it may have secret sites to escape.Even if all its sites are hit, Irans nuclear know-how cannot be bombed out of existence. Nor can its network of suppliers at home and abroad. Perhaps America could bomb Iran every few years. But how would i t know when and where to strike? The blend in of American strike in Iraq and Afghanistan has demonstrated that a war could raise the threat of retaliation. The idea that a bomb is the only defense against an American confrontation might become stronger than ever. Theres no doubt that America prefer to wait and that is one reason why it is seeking to hold Israel back.Second, the West is implementing the sanction which is designed to get Iran stop enrichment and the nations concerned about centered on sanctions as their favored policy tool. It is true that sanctions have not achieved their strategical goal of changing Irans nuclear policy. Nor have they met tactical success in bringing Iran return to the negotiations nuclear program. But sanctions are helping to desex Irans ability to quickly assemble a nuclear weapon. Sanctions have helped to restrict Irans ability to employ its fosterd centrifuges in larger numbers. The UN plank of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 19 29 concluded in May 2011 report that Iran has difficulty producing some of the critical choke points items that are necessary to sustain and advance its centrifuge enrichment program. The Panel of Experts also concluded that sanctions are blocking the tack of items related to nuclear and missile activity and thus slowing development of the programs. Irans missile program is dependent on foreign supply of items such as aluminum powder for production of fuel.Previously, Iran has been purchased the powder item from China but in recent months, Chinese have tightened controls on such exports. As a result, the sanction made Iran to change suppliers, which in turn is considered as difficulties to missile engineers. Additionally, the sanctions are restricting Irans ability to use the international financial system in support of illicit trade. Following the EU decision, there is only one Europe-based financial institution the Paris branch of Bank Tejarat is available for use of Iran toda y. More importantly, Iran is unable to conduct business in either dollars or Euros. It therefore cannot repatriate payment except through barter. As of August in 2011, Iran had over $20 billion locked up in escrow accounts in China, $3. 4 billion in India and almost $4 billion in South Korea. Even though it is not a purpose of the sanctions to restrict Iranian trade overall, they are contributing to unemployment and inflation which are reported to be 15% in Iran. There also are reports of food shortages, hoarding and a drying up of investments.Foreign reserves are running low and the economy is becoming distorted as legitimate trade shifts to the informal sector. Iran is facing a higher cost of doing business. However, America still wants to put stricter sanction which target Irans central bank by penalizing any foreign financial institutions doing business with it. As a result, the European Union has imposed an embargo on Iranian oil. Irans economy is mostly reliant on oil and gas exports, which account for 50% 70% of the governments revenues. Thus, it is estimated that Irans oil exports may fall about 60% of their former level. Finally, Conclusion

Early childhood deprivation Essay

Early churlhood deprivation varies from the argonas of health, nutrition and education (Biller and Solomon, 1996). However various intonations have been put forward to improve kidskinrens welfare that aim at promoting archaean childhood care and foster holistic development and realization of childs potential. Early childhood deprivations trammel childs development and thus killing the future viable generation. In this regard, theres need to invest in children welfare. During early childhood, childs deprivation has the most profound negative influence on childs development in terms of physical, mental and social domains.In most cases of children deprivation, the children ordinarily lack essential interventions responsible to promote healthy development, thus there is hardly any pre-existing normalcy. Although deprivation occurs in children crosswise all human race black or white, girls or boys, rich or despicable, the worst form of deprivation occurs in children who come from ec onomically poor background. The tangible impact of childhood deprivation is in terms of mental health damage since most incidences of deprivation are interpreted as threats to the child, thereby causing trauma.However, in extreme cases of deprivation in childhood the children are deprived off stimulation or nurture. Types of Deprivation Child deprivation during the pestle age can be classified in terms of Absolute deprivation, Relative deprivation and Perceived deprivation. Absolute deprivation entails lack of or preventing the child from gaining access to absolute development needs such(prenominal) as fare, water, protection touch of who without the children usually dies the challenge with absolute deprivation is how much quantity is bountiful for the infants.For instance, studies show that infants or children who are not touched usually develop nonorganic failure to thrive syndrome (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004, p. 106) that make then refuse to eat and became suicidal. Additio nally, touch is prerequisite for emotional bond for the child that is responsible for creation of brain patten to support interaction behaviors and form basic for later empathy development, therefore, abosute deprivation is critical oddly to child development and sustainability.Relative deprivation described as lack of childs developmental needs that are determined by sub shade and culture in which the child resides. Unfortunately, developmental expectations in relation to children development usually changes overtime. For instance in United States of America it has been a norm culture that children at age of 6 years are ready and expected to enter the first grade in order to learn how to write, read and do basic mathematics.Unfortunately, research by Biller and Solomon (1996) indicates that 20-30% of all children are not ready by this time. Moreover culture also oblige the parents give special attention to their children in terms of facilitating celebrating children status like birthday in order to promote children social conscious development, therefore in circumstances where the culture through parents denies children representative opportunity which is considered essential for a healthy child development it becomes deprivation.Moreover, children worldwide live in varied living conditions with resources never been equitably distributed to all children depending on familial social, ethnic identity, social economic and county of origin, this inequity hampers children development physically, socially and mentally precisely most children who are deprived off relatively usually develop maternal depression, abuse and family violence. Perceived deprivation results from childrens and parents feeling that the children are deprived due to frustrated desires as opposed to unmet needs.For instance, in a family set up there is child rivalry because it is normal parents usually favor some children than others. As a result, the child that is not favored feels unwishe d no matter how hard parents can convince them. For instance, studies show that children who are taken good care of after incidences of neglect, despite sufficient supply of food and emotional support, they tend to exhibit signs of mistrust due to perceived deprivation (Biller and Solomon, 1996). The causes of deprivationThe causes of deprivation vary across populations and societies. However, the most causes are familiar such as low skills and education, membership in minority groups, undevelopment and unemployment, social isolate from societys mainstream and persistent and interrogational transmission of poverty to tolerate this factor (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004), studies demote that children in neigh hood without deprivation signs exhibited good growth and development outcomes as opposed to those with signs of deprivation.However, there are a number of additional aspects that greatly contribute to childhood deprivation, child neglect in the welfare system is a common form of child neglect in us where parents are givers fail to give the child essential resources as food, medical care, shelter and clothing which endanger child wellbeing. Development impacts of Deprivation Response of children to deprivation varies from whiz individual to another in the sense that human beings are shaped by the interaction of their genetic predisposition with stimulation, nurture, threats and other ennental forces.It should be noted that early childhood experiences of children have a profound and long term effect on mental, physical, social and emotional characteristics, therefore, when deprivation is chronically and insidious pervasive the results are diastoles irreparable intellectual deficits, chromic health problem, mental illness, physical disabilities (Biller and Solomon, 1996), emotional disturbances and behavioral problem. Conclusion The paper has discussed early childhood deprivation and its major dimensions and its related effects.Fortunately, the effects of e arly childhood deprivation are treatable (Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. , 2004) by placing deprived child on a long-term and well structured relationship where the child learn or relearn that positive social interaction to offset the negative impact. It is encouraging also that across US there are various programs and interventions that are aimed at ensuring those children and/or individual degraded by deprivation are returned to normalcy.Link to Articles 1. http//jech. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/62/7/599 (CNN article) 2. http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/2180874. short-term memory (BCC ) References 3. Biller, B. & Solomon, S. (1996). Child deprivation and maltreatment Lexington, Lexington Books press. 4. Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. (2004). Effect of Economic deprivation to early childhood development Journal of Child Development, 13, p. 214-219

Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth: Summary

Hema and Kaushik had an affair they meet in Italy after having a two long decades. Hema, now a college professor, who is upset more or less her previous affair with a married man and plans to settle down by linking someone she barely knows. Kaushik, a world traveling, successful photojournalist, is preparing to accept a desk job in Hong Kong. In spite of all that, they find their deep connection irresistible and must reckon it with the lives they have chosen to lead. Her parents introduce Navin to Hema and they had an arrange marriage.She thought that Julian was spill to leave his wife, to be with her so she agreed to marry Julian. She decide not to marry Navin because she concerned it to be and arrange not a marriage and she give tongue to that nerving was He decide not to leave his wife so Hema decide to marry Navin. She had just know Navin for only three weeks before she decide to marry him. The parent did not know about Julian it was and surprise to them because they thought is was single because she was shy, she had devoted all her time to her studies to be bothered with a men.Her take asked hema on her thirty-fifth birthdays, if she had preferred women. They had never heard about Julian and about them having an affair with him for two half years they had no idea about him, never mind that he was an married man. When she was in Rome, she communicated with Navin by E-mail or she talked with him a few times on the phone the conversation got heavy. They also talked about their honeymoon in Goa. Hema did not miss him but she looked forward to Calcutta to marry him and returning with him on the plane, and on time for her to resume teaching at Wellesley.

Political Issues with the Current Immigration Essay

In the wake of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1965. This new law abolished the national origins quota system and interdict racial considerations from expressly entering into decisions about immigrant visas it also imposed for the first time a ceiling (120,000) on migration from the Western Hemisphere. (Johnson, 2006).Historical Framework for the give away of Illegal ImmigrationTowards the end of the 19th century, Congress passed the first immigrant exclusion law restricting criminal and prostitutes, and followed up with the Japanese, Asian and Chinese. however with this law in place the immigration still reached a record high of 1.3 million personnel in 1907. In 1965, Congress then passed the Immigration and Nationality Act amendments that end the quota and initiated the concept of family sponsored immigration. In 1987, Congress enacted the Immigration Reform Control Act (IRCA) which authorized two programs to identify and legalize illegal imm igrants who be able to inscription their entry into the U.S. prior to 1 January 1982 (America.gov Archive, 2003). The immigration migration is a phenomenon of crucial importance to the linked States as long as the immigration guidelines and procedures be followed, but with the extensive number of amendments being reconstructed and enacted by Congress, on almost a daily basis this put additional strain on our coast patrol, disposal agencies, and our military forces who birth been tasked to assist in the protection of the U.S./Mexico border alongside the local police officers.On October 1, 2004, Mr. Jim Gilchrist, U.S Vietnam Marine veteran, founded the multi-ethnic Minuteman Project after he had been frustrated dealing with the United States Government to enforce the immigration laws. The Minutemen, who formed the name from militiamen who fought in the American Revolution, has described themselves as a citizens part watch on our border,and have continued to get the media att ention on dealing with the illegal immigration issue plaguing the United States. The Minutemen organization has visualised more of a negative connotation rather than the positive that they had initially strived for. On May 25, 2005 there was the Garden Grove Incident dealing with protestors. On October 4, 2006 they had the Columbia University incident where their stage was stormed by student protestors. The T-Shirt incident on April 6, 2005 in which minutemen had an old man poses with a racial discrimination T-shirt, and in August 2007 there was a fake murder video published by the organization (Sanchez, 2011).Even with this negativity, on April 28, 2005, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger praised the Minutemen Project on a Los Angeles radio station KFI. The issues of the constant illegal immigration border crossings, violence and murders on the borders of the immigrants and law enforcements officers, the immigration laws depart continue to be pushed by Congress in order t o keep our borders safe and ensure the diverse cultures visiting the United States are entering with the appropriate documentation instead of by dint of the desert with a backpack, bottles of water, and for some, with bags of drugs. Is the Media Portrayal of biased or unbiased Illegal Immigration? On October 6, 2010, Janet Napolitano, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, announced that record numbers of deportations of criminal aliens, declaring that these figures have demonstrated that President Obamas administration is focused on enforcing our immigration laws that prioritizes public safety and national security.One of the political issues on July 7, 2011, according to Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (2011), a memorandum was published entitled Individuals Who Are non Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 one million million million in Refundable Credits which is also the entire product of the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) fo r the 2010 tax processing class (Impact on Taxpayers). Illegal immigration laws that are in place are not only bottlenecking the system, becoming costly to taxpayers and increasing the deficit, but the ranchers along the border are either having the illegals trespassing onto their land, destroying their fence line along the property, and on a few occasions ranchers have been killed. Mr. John Ladd, a rancher on the southern border of Arizona, has a ranch sprawling over 14,000 acres between Mexico border and state highway 92. His ranch is the major corridorfor the smuggling of drugs and human beings into the United States. The border patrol makes frequent arrests on the ranch, but most of those are released back into Mexico where they regroup and try again until they are successful (Gisorg, 2010).On average, peerless mile of border fence costs US taxpayers $4 million. Is it worth the expense? The measurements of this fence is 21 feet (6.4m) tall and 6 feet (1.8m) embedded into the ground, and cemented in a 3 infantry (.91m) wide trench. With all of this material, manpower, monetary cost and security, on December 16, 2010, a video was shot showing two young American students visiting the border and on their first try, these girls made it to the top of the fence in less than eighteen seconds. How much time do you think it willing take if you visit the beach of Tijuana and just swim out to the fence line and cross over? Does the publics perception encourage or discourage prejudice, labeling or stereotyping? There are media commentaries that intentionally sensationalize the story being reported it all depends on where their station ratings stand. Even unintentional biased describe can be portrayed depending on what the listeners views are on immigration.I cannot justify what their dead on target intentions are, but as a informant there are times when my perception is that they are not telling the full story, or the story is biased to the side of the populace majority. One of the shell media outlets Ive come across depicting the conflict between bordering countries was by the Coca-Cola Corporation. Two guards who are patrolling their border, walking back and forth along a blossom out of about 15 feet with hatred and discontent showing on their faces not uttering a word. What brought these two cultures to a brief truce was a 16oz bottle of Coca-Cola (Gisorg, 2010). Even In the portrayal of the movie Borders which depict the immigration issues with Mexico and the United States. Chris Burgards award winning television series takes an impartial look at the torturing and complex issue of our southern U.S. border.This film fosters debate, open discussion, and hopefully a more balanced outlook towards a national problem that has polarized our nation. (Rick Dixon, Star Tribune, 2011). During the viewing, you may perceive that all Hispanics are probably in this country illegally, drug runners or coyotes. This actually encourages hatred of mo st Hispanics because they are perceived the same as terrorist in this land. This show demonstrates how individuals should be fighting again crime and illegal immigration of alltypes, and the question you should be asking yourself is if you believe in your government, and what is the true border between justice and crime.Does this issue affect the U.S. economy and labor force?Presently illegal immigrants arriving into country are taking advantage of the transmission line workforce that average Americans deem beneath them. They are willing to take on those jobs that we perceive as demeaning, and under paying(a). Due to this immigration issue, the United States, as paid over $4.2 billion dollars towards labor for the illegal immigrants and over $100 billion each year on medical, housing and education. According to the Arizona state treasurer Dean Martin, they are losing between $1.3 and $2.5 billion each year on illegal immigrant on incarceration, education and their families. This do es not account for the legal services that are provided through the court system. As a manager, what inclusion strategies would be implemented? When dealing with the issues of illegal immigration and the media coverage as a manager, there are strategies that can be utilized to foster a collaborative working environment for employees.Coordinate with Human Resources to schedule diversity and equal opportunity training, proposal a quarterly cultural luncheon/potluck, and during each holiday ensure there are decorations representing every culture in your organization and allow those individuals to pardon what each trinket means. When dealing with stereotyping, encourage employees to ask questions concerning that cultural difference they dont understand or have perceptions about. Most organizations will have a media device placed in the office, and employees will hear of negative connotations dealing with the diverse groups around the United States. If listening to these stories makes you stop and think, then it will also make you wonder about that culture. Not all individuals in are the same, and not all cultures are radical, illegal immigrants or a threat. final stageThe media is the media is the media. As long as there is conflict it will be reported to the masses. Illegal immigrants and immigration laws are tied to the hip and will ever so be part of society and culture. Unless the United takes a lesson from the 1981 television show called Escape from New York,produced by John Carpenter, place a twenty-five foot solid cement wall that is fifteen feet thick around the state. There will always be illegal immigrants either from Mexico, Cuba, and other countries seeking occupy in the United States.ReferencesAmerica.gov Archive. (2003). The Immigration Act of 1965. Retrieved from http//www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/April/20080423214226eaifas0.9637982.html Canoy, M., Beutin, R., Horath, A., Hubert, A., Lerais, F., Smith, P., & Sochacki, M. (2006, September 10). Migration and public perception. Retrieved from http//ec.europa.eu/dgs/policy_advisers/publications/docs/bepa_migration_final_09_10_006_en.pdf Gemano, R. P. (2010, December 16). 2 Girls Undermine US Border Strategy in Under 18 Seconds Video file. Retrieved from YouTube website http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHjKBjM1ngw&feature=related Gisorg. (2010, August 9). Gaming the Border A Report from Cochise County, Arizona Video file. Retrieved from YouTube website http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRof_dizXH4 Johnson, K. R. (2006). The History of Racial projection in the US Immigration Laws. Retrieved from http//academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr09.htm Morgenstern, M. (2011). TheBlaze. Retrieved from http//www.theblaze.com/stories/govt-audit-illegal-immigrants-received-4-2-billion-in-tax-credits-last-year/ Pemberton, J. S. (2011, February 3). Coca-Cola Border Video file. Retrieved from YouTube website http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-STkFCCrus Sanchez, C. (2011). HATEWATCH. Retriev ed from http//www.splcenter.org/blog/2007/08/13/new-video-appears-to-show-vigilante-border-murder/ Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (2011). Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits. Retrieved from http//Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion in Refundable Credits

Argument as Inquiry Essay

Sometimes the purpose of an debate is to generate truth, which will then resonate with an audience and be persuasive, further persuasion is the by-product and not the goal (Weeblog).As a society, the importance of communication and the never ending search for truth has motivated great scholars and thinkers alike to express their ideas and values in the form of an argument. As seen from the quote above, the form of an argument not just serves a purpose in generating truth, but besides in understanding perspectives and as a mode of relaying information.Truth to most is a relative term. So then how is it possible to successfully argue a truth? The book, everythings an argument provides a clear answer to this paradox, the institutionalise of argument is to discover some version of the truth, using evidence and reasonsThe aim of persuasion is to change a point of view, or to move others from conviction to action. In other words, writers or speakers argue to find some truth they persua de when they think they already know it (Lunsford 6). Therefore, the order of presenting an argument does not necessarily mean the presenter must convince his audience, but simply provide absolute facts.As this varies from culture to culture, the response to a well argued truth give the sack be a simple, quiet acceptance, or a heated debate. Most importantly however, is that in presenting a truth, the speaker or writer is using this argument as a mode of inquiry not only towards those that experience his argument, but towards himself as well. These personal arguments can be seen in a deep meditation or in prayer, and can also be used in a personal decision making. As a result, this purpose for an argument not only helps the speaker to understand the truths and beliefs of others in the world around him, but also increasing his ability to motion himself.Understanding perspectives is a very humbling and challenging way to argue. Carl Rogers, a successful psychotherapist who founded the Rogerian argument, achieved a method which is based on finding super acid ground and establishing trust among those who disagree about issues, and on approaching audiences in nonthreatening ways (Lunsford 6). For that reason, the success of the argument is founded not only in trust but also on the grounds of first understanding others perspectives and principles encouraging the opponent to genuinely listen and learn from what is said.With a foundation of truth and understanding, an argument can be valued in its ability to provide convincing evidence and information. Philosopher Aristotle provides an elegant scheme for classifying the purposes of arguments, one based on issues of time agone, future, and present (Lunsford 10), also known as forensic arguments.Many lawyers, politicians, and great speakers use evidence, policies, and facts from the past to support or justify their present argument. These arguments can focus not only on scientific, religious values, but on existin g ethical and cultural differences as well. There are a variety of ways that different cultures like legal systems, and thus various ways of presenting arguments. For instance, the Muslim religion and culture disparages and scorns women who refute or defy the authority of their husbands. Whereas the cultural ideals of American society get on women to think for themselves, and challenge their husbands often times with arguments.The ability to understand different cultures can be found in their own method of argument. Additionally, using arguments from the past can serve as a fountain of information and truth, as well provide a solid foundation and validate future arguments. plant CitedLunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. everthings an argument. 2nd ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2001.Weeblog. Inquiry. 31 March 2003.

Control of Sex in Advertising

The Control of hinge on in Advertising in France Jean J. Boddewyn, and Esther Loubradou The growing use and blackguard of finish up in cut advertisement prompted strong reactions from consumer and womens rightist associations, and resulted in extensive and strict overt and private secures. Recently, the French self-regulatory arranging has developed a frame involving mingled stakeholder organizations to analyze well-disposed trends related to the acceptability of c on the whole downually-oriented ads, develop un apply voluntary guidelines, implore complaints and speak them through an free lance jury.The number and proportion of controversial ads has signifi throw outtly decreased, and French advertising practiti wholenessrs arouse been nudged to accept greater passe-partout responsibility in sub for the freedom of creativeness to which they aspire. A few U. S. developments parallel this increasing cooperation between the public and private controllers of the old issue of gustatory sensation and decency in advertising which is non fading in social importance. Jean J. Boddewyn is Emeritus Professor of marketing and inter subject fieldistic Business, Baruch College (CUNY) (email Jean.email cheered CUNY. edu). He has written extensively since the 1980s on the regulation and self-regulation of advertising approximately the world. Esther Loubradou holds a Masters Degree in Communications and a post-graduate degree in Mass Media Law. She is a doctoral candidate in Advertising, Law and Communications at the University of Toulouse, France. Her dissertation deals with Decency and Sexual Content in Mass Media in France (email emailprotected fr). 1 Keywords sex in advertising, advertising control by state and persistence in France and the linked States.Many Americans probably associate the French with inner laxness and create seen their sexaerated ads for perfumes and cosmetics. Yet, France applies very comminuted and strict controls both public and private to the use of sex in advertising and courts give way govern in a few notorious cases. Besi stilbesterol, its advertising self-regulatory body reports annually to a government ministry nearly the progress of its endeavors after conducting an annual survey of sex-related ads in certain media, and relatively few ads have lately been found in violation of French laws and persistence guidelines.What explains this paradoxical situation, what ar the special causes and features of the French control of sex in advertising, and curtly how does the U. S. system comp atomic number 18 with it? vicece nothing has been published in English on the French control system bearing on sex in advertising, this short Note has to be mainly stilbestrolcriptive and interpretive as a springboard for to a greater extent theoretical and policy-related research. Still, in attend to admonitions to involve sundry(a) disciplines (Richards 2009 Rotfeld and Stafford 2007 Rotfeld and Tay lor 2009), this study is multi-disciplinary to the achievement that cultural (e. g. the evolution of sexual muchs), political (e. g. , the impact of extort groups), legal (e. g. , the development of co-regulation combining public and private initiatives) and ethical (e. g. , the professionalization of advertising practitioners) f agents are employ to interpret the French situation. One of the authors is French and an expert in communication law while the imprimatur one is American and has conducted some(prenominal) studies of advertising regulation and self-regulation in multiple countries. This Notes public-policy implications are less evident because of the significant differences between the French and U.S. legal and self-regulatory systems, which preclude easy cross-border borrowings. Yet, there is a significant evolution in the fall in States toward greater cooperation 2 between the U. S. government and some self-regulatory bodies, which is picturely outlined in the las t section of this Note. This development can benefit from knowing how the French system has moved toward combining the compulsory and voluntary approaches to the control of sex in advertising, and how the doubts uttered astir(predicate) the strong suit of self-regulation (e. g. , Rotfeld 2003) can be partly assuaged.Besides, valid concerns keep being expressed in the United States approximately the potential impact of sexualized violence against women in ads on the acceptance of such behavior (Capella, Hill, Rapp and Kees 2010) so that the abuse of sex in advertising is likely to remain an important U. S. socio-political issue whose resolution can pull ahead from knowing the French experience. For these purposes, we will start by analyzing the stimuli that prompted French legal and self-regulatory responses, and conclude with a brief similitude of the French and U. S. control systems. Stimulus the Sex in Advertising Issue Sex in advertising as a form of selling sin (Davidson 20 03) has long generated negative reactions. Thus, the prototypical International decree of Advertising Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce already stated in oblige 1 of its 1937 Rules that Advertisements should not contain statements or visual re limnations which offend against prevailing standards of decency. This commandment has been adopted by many developed and developing countries, and it is expressed in one form or another in their laws and codes of conduct. Much of the decency issue used to be about goods and function popular opinion to be unmentionable (e. g. rear paper and feminine-hygiene products) and whether an ads execution was in good taste and shown at the appropriate clock with the radio and idiot box broadcasting of objectionable commercials being limited to late hours of the day. Nowadays, sexually-oriented ads apply to all sorts of goods and serve (e. g. , clothing, perfumes, jewelry, 3 alcohol, video games, cell phones and movies), they a re available on the net profit at all hours, and they oft emanate from advertisers in the opulence-goods sector (e. g. , Dior). much(prenominal) audacious practices reflect the modern sexualization of mores and values in horse opera countries (e. . , Giddens 1993 McNair 1996 Reichert 2003) with several French books having such evocative titles and subtitles as The Pornographic Consensus, Sexyvilisation and The Tyranny of Pleasure. It helps explain the advent around 2000 of sexually-oriented ads that combine pornography, violence and submission, and reflect McNairs (2002) Porno-chic concept which incorporates into cultural production some practices (such as fellatio) and taboos (such as pedophilia) that transfer the transgressive qualities of pornography into mainstream culture. To categorize the scope of sex in advertising, Loubradou (2004, 2010) developed the concept of hypersexuality (also used by the French self-regulatory system) to encompass (1) full nudity and/or sexual organs shown in close-ups (2) the promotion of products and services associated with sexual intercourse (e. g. , condoms, lubricants, escort services and sex toys) (3) Sex andShockvertising that combines sexual breeding with fear and take aback a strategy particularly used in public-service campaigns about AIDS and against child abuse, (4) showing or evoking sexual intercourse, homosexual relations, fellatio, sadomasochism and violence against women, and (5) sheer pornography as in an mesh ad exhibiting fellatio. Such ads generate four major types of objections (Boddewyn 1989, pp. 9-32 1991, p. 26) sexism covers distinctions which diminish or demean one gender in comparison with the other particularly, through the use of sex-role stereotypes sexual objectification refers to using The expression Porno-chic was number 1 used in 1973 by a sore York Times journalist when the porn movie Deep Throat was released because plenty thought it was chic (that is, trendy) to watch it. Mc Nair (2002, p. 2) defined Porno-chic as a wide process of cultural sexualization and pornographication of mainstream culture set-aside(p) in an unprecedented flirtation with the codes and conventions of the pornographic, producing texts which constantly refer to, pastiche, parody and deconstruct the latter. As he frame in it Porno-chic is not porn, but the representation of porn in non-pornographic art and culture (p. 1). 1 4 ( aroundly) women as decorative or attention-getting objects while sexuality relies on sensual, suggestive and erotic imagery, sound and wording, and is sometimes combined with the depiction of violence against women in ads showing them in defileful, subservient and helpless positions. French reactions to these excesses have been strong. French ResponsesIncensed Pressure Groups Of the dozen French consumer associations legally recognized and financially subsidized by the government, well-nigh are linked to family organizations and a few to militant labor u nions, and they are officially acknowledged as valid partners in discussions and negotiations with public and business bodies for the purpose of ensuring consumer protection broadly defined (Trumbull, 2006).These organizations and, later on, environmental ones have been granted a formal political voice a formal status which the French advertising industry has only received very recently (see below). Besides, feminist groups enraged by the give-and-take of women in advertising have been very influential in France although they have not so farthermosta course received the same official recognition as consumer and environmental organizations because of their fragmented and sometimes aggressive nature.Thus, frank organizations with such evocative names as The Hunting Pack, Guardbitches and Advertising Wreckers managed in the 1980s to focus the sex in advertising issue around sexist discrimination, the objectification of women and the violence shown against them the latter followin g studies revealing the extent of actual brutality against women (beatings, rapes, etc. ). Feminists stressed the disjunction between the extended roles and functions of women in modern society, compared to their sign up depiction in advertising ( sonority IFP 2001, pp. -6), and their campaigns have often been reported and discussed in the media which have spread and amplified these groups demands for more regulations. 5 Public controls Two principles compete as far as the French regulation of sex in advertising is concerned namely, freedom of expression and protect the dignity of merciful being beings (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19) as expressed by the first article of the Freedom of Communication Law (No. 86-107 of 30 September 1986) Audio-visual communication is free.The proceeding of this freedom may be limited only to the extent required, on the one hand, for the respect of human dignity, the freedom and property of other people, the pluralistic nature of the expression of idea s and opinions and, on the other hand, for the safeguarding of law and order, for national-defense and public-service reasons, for technological reasons inherent to the means of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry.Besides, Article 3 of the Executive Decree of 27 March 1992 requires that commercials respect truth, decency and human dignity, and vacate discrimination and violence that incite dangerous behaviors. Article 227-24 of the French penal code prohibits the diffusion by any medium of messages of a violent or pornographic nature and likely to seriously harm human dignity when they can be seen by a minor.The governments Conseil Superieur de lAudiovisuel (CSA) is illd with controlling advertising messages after their broadcasting in order to enhance the respect of human dignity, protect children and adolescents, and prohibit messages inciting hatred or violence on account of gender (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19-20). Searching for late value Particularly evident in these legal texts are the repeated references to the dignity of human beings a principle already enunciated in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).The highlighting of this concept reflects the search for saucy post-modern values which would justify representations of liberated women in advertisements without caricaturing or mocking their new freedoms, opportunities and responsibilities. In this respect, French feminist pressure groups provided a new discourse aimed at promoting the positive image of 6 women in advertising although, by excluding men, their initiative generated charges of reverse sexismHowever, French public opinion and policy were concurrently shifting toward forbidding all forms of discrimination based on gender, age, race, role and handicap so that a compromise could be achieved by adopting a new unisex principle that emphasized the respect of human dignity and thereby protected everyone agains t objectionable treatments in editorial materials, programs and advertising (Rapport IFP 2001), This new principle was incorporated in various French laws after 1986 and in industry guidelines, starting in 2001.Court Decisions The Penal Code has not been used so far because of the high cost of criminal suits, the reluctance of judges to act as censors of elegant creation (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 20) and their fear of being ridiculed as reactionaries, and the difficulty for associations to sue in criminal courts (Teyssier 2004, p. 168). Thus, it was the Civil Codes basic Article 1382, which obliges whoever injured others to compensate them for the legal damage he/she caused, which was used to blame Benetton in 1996 for three 1991 billboards showing an elbow, a pubic area and a pair of buttocks stamped H.I. V. positive. A French governmental agency (AFLS) charged with informing the public about AIDS sued Benetton and was paid damage on the ground of this advertiser having undermined the human dignity of those affected by this disease by evoking the way meat is stamped and the tattooing of concentration-camp inmates during World War II, besides marginalizing a group of people by representing them as a marked population.Private Controls The previously mentioned Pornochic transgressions prompted the French advertising selfregulatory body to improve its responses to growing criticisms of the use of sex in advertising. In particular, it triggered its October 2001 Recommendation (Image de la Personne Humaine) fostering the dignity of human beings in the representation of people in advertisements. This 7 voluntary guideline states that ads should not hurt their audiences feelings nor shock people by showing humiliate or alienating nudity, violence against people especially women or depicting people as objects.Concerned about the impact of advertising on minors, an April 2005 Recommendation specified that Internet ads should not harm the physiologic and moralistic integrity of its young public by promoting illicit, aggressive, dangerous and antisocial behaviors, challenging the authority of parents and educators, representing children and adolescents in contaminating manners, presenting them with indecent or violent images and speech that may shock them, and exploiting their inexperience or credulity.In the same vein, a May 2007 Recommendation applying to erotic electronic services is aimed at promoting human dignity, the fair and true information of consumers and the protection of young audiences. The French Advertising Self-regulatory System The Professional Advertising dominion Authority (Autorite de la Regulation Professionelle de la Publicite, ARPP) was created in June 2008 as a private association completely independent of the government. However, it reports to a French ministry about its pursuit of violations of taste and decency in advertising because its 2003 load Chart (Charte dEngagement) requires it to resign an annual repor t on The Image of Human Beings in Advertising to the Minister in charge of Parity and Professional Equity, and to distribute it to the public at large. 3 Self-regulatory controls are applied both a priori and a posteriori.In the first place, French advertisers, agencies and media members of the ARPP may apply for non-binding copy advice by its legal experts at the pre-publication microscope stage (15,196 projects were scrutinized in 2009). However, pre-clearance is mandatory before the broadcasting of all television commercials, and the ARPP can require modifications and pull down forbiddance the proposed commercial if it is in breach of The ARPP is the successor of self-regulatory bodies dating of 1935, and it was named the Advertising Verification thorax (Bureau de Verification de la Publicite, BVP) from 1953 to 2008. The French government itself commissions independent studies such as the Report on the Image of Women in the Media (Rapport IFM 2008) that was solicited by the S tate Secretary for Solidarity. 2 8 the law and its Recommendations. A posteriori, the ARPP monitors ads on a random stem in all media except television where the governments Superior Audiovisual Council (CSA) prevails. ARPP penalties consist of petition transgressors to modify or remove their ads, requesting the media to stop diffusing an offending ad, and the possibility of taking violators to court.Its decisions are wide publicized, and campaigns are regularly conducted to make the ARPPs principles, recommendations and services better known as well as to incite advertising professionals to act responsibly. The previous BVP self-regulatory body handled complaints from consumers and competitors but the new ARPP structure is more blanket(prenominal) and includes external stakeholders.It comprises (1) an advisory Advertising Ethics Council (CEP) chaired by an independent academic to anticipate new societal developments (2) an Advertising Parity Council (CPP) of which half of the me mbers represent consumer and environmental associations, and which concerts with industry representatives about the need for new self-regulatory die hards, and (3) an independent Advertising Deontology Jury (JDP) made up of persons who have no links with industry or consumer associations to solicit and sanction complaints from the public in order to complement the ARPPs monitoring of ads.Impressive Results The 2006 BVP report to the Minister in charge of parity between the sexes dealt only with posters and billboards because they are highly apparent to all audiences young and adult, lucky or offended. Of 4,288 visuals, only 8 (or 0. 19%) were considered to be violating its Recommendations. In all cases, the advertisers removed their ads, and the BVP credited the willingness of most outdoor advertisers to consult it before diffusing their ads for the low incidence of violations. Its report for 2007 (ARPP 2008) dealt with the Image of Human Beings in Advertising with such subtitl es as Does advertising diffuse sexual stereotypes? Are there too many images connoting sexuality? and Where does Pornochic stand today? It covered outdoor advertising, newspapers and magazines except those publications targeted at adult audiences (e. g. , girlie magazines) and it compared the sampled ads with its Recommendation on the representation of human beings in advertising, whose images should not offend human dignity, undermine decency, objectify/reify people, present denigrating stereotypes, induce ideas of submission, domination or dependence and/or present moral or physical violence. Out of 89,076 monitored ads, 96 (or 0. 10%) were found wanting less than in 2003 (0. 15%) but more than in 2005 (0. 02%) mainly in terms of offending human dignity (51 cases) and on account of the recrudescence of pornochic ads for luxury goods particularly for clothing (e. . , Dolce & Gabbana). The results for 2008 were even better, with only 46 infractions and a decrease in pornochi c ads (ARPP 2009) although these statistics did not cover the Internet which even very young audiences know how to maneuver in order to rise and recirculate sexually-related materials. For the ARPP even 46 violations were too many and suggested greater professional vigilance and education so that its first campaign in 2008 was entitled Sexe because pressure should be maintained for even better results (e. g. , against the objectification of women).Following the implementation of the 2008 Jury system (JDP) that solicits and handles complaints from the public, its first report for November 2008-December 2009 disclosed 24 valid ones of which 18 were related to the protection of human dignity and, in the majority of these cases, the complaint was upheld. Such public complaining and negative Jury decisions are 10 likely to persist because viral advertising on the Internet and word-of-mouth diffusion have created a huge recirculation of ads with sexual and violent content. 4 For that mat ter, the French self-regulatory system finds it sometimes problematic to handle new issues.Thus, the BVP report for 2005 acknowledged its hesitation about what to decide regarding a billboard showing twain homosexual men kissing (Rainbow Attitude work). On the one hand, such a highly visible public display would shock the public so that maximum prudence should be exercised on the other, it would be discriminatory to oppose a homosexual kiss when heterosexual ones are frequently shown. This advertisement was not found to be in violation of any public regulation or private rule an example of how this self-regulatory body relies on both the law and its own Recommendations to control the use of sex in advertising.The new 2008 ARPP system of professional regulation has been publicly recognized in several ways. Thus, a 5 March 2009 law, which transposed into French legislation the recent European Union directive on audiovisual services, did officially authorize the Superior Audiovisua l Council (CSA) to delegate the preclearance of television commercials to the ARPP. Besides, the Paris Appeals Court stated on 26 October 2010 that recommendations from the ARPP, even though they have no legal character, are professional practices that the judge must take into account if they do not contradict a legal or statutory measure. Moreover, professional regulation is now acknowledged and accepted by the French government which through several Commitment Charters (see above) has implicitly agreed not to regulate or ban certain practices but requires in exchange an effective system of adequate guidelines as well as an accountability evidenced by yearly and transparent monitorings and reports. These agreements amount to a system of co-regulation between public and private 4 Neither French nor U. S. egulators have found effective ways of controlling the diffusion of illegal or inappropriate Internet materials except through the obligation put on Internet Service Providers to remove illegal materials, on advertisers to warn about the sexual content of their messages, and on broadcasters to offer parents program-filtering devices. 11 actors who concert and collaborate in the public interest, and help generate a sense of responsibility among advertising professionals now convinced that their industry cannot claim its freedom of speech if it cannot prove its responsibility (Teyssier 2004, 2011).A Brief Comparison with the U. S. System In the first place, the French have focused on protecting the dignity of all human beings and forbidding all types of discrimination in advertising while, in the United States, the problem has been framed in terms of protecting minors at the relatively modest price of adults losing only part of their free-speech right as far as the broadcasting media are concerned. 5 To be sure, other U. S. edia can still offer indecent and profane materials but they are supposed to reach better targeted audiences excluding minors. Second, com pared to the French situation, politically weaker and less ladened U. S. consumer associations have exercised relatively little influence on the government in recent decades, the National disposal for Women has limited its sway to the naming and shaming of sexist advertisers, and even the very influential religious movement did not succeed in its campaigns to cleanse American culture (Lane 2006).Third, in both countries, the government has been the main actor for the control of taste and decency in advertising, with self-regulation a strong second in France and a seemingly weaker one in the United States largely because of First-Amendment and antitrust constraints (Rotfeld 2003). Yet, the lack of a French-like self-regulatory organization designed to study social trends, develop and publicize detailed guidelines, advise practitioners, solicit and handle complaints, and penalize wrongdoers has not precluded multiple U. S. nitiatives that furnish up to a control system Following v arious Supreme-Court decisions, obscenity and pornography are taboo in all media while indecency and profanity are forbidden on radio and television except between 1000 PM and 600 AM when children are unlikely to be in the audience. 5 12 that can respond fairly rapidly and effectively to complaints. All U. S. media have a pre-clearance system and most offensive ads are withdrawn by the advertiser or no overnight diffused by a medium (Edelstein 2003) although some researchers challenge this positive evaluation (e. . , Rotfeld 1992). Besides, most sexual ads find their niches thanks to behavioral targeting and because the vast majority of sex-related ads match the programs where they are shown. Fourth, on account of various Supreme-Court decisions, U. S. government agencies such as the federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have had to severely limit their control of indecent and profane materials in programs and advertisements.Thus, the FTC has re jected any immoral, unscrupulous or unethical test because the latter has never been relied upon as an independent basis for proving unfairness. Besides, the substituteeffects rationale used by some family associations, U. S. legislators and regulators to justify further restrictions on account of their presumed effects on children and society e. g. , fostering shabbiness and feeding the prurient appetites of pedophiles and child molesters has not been accepted by the U. S. Supreme Court (Beales 2003).In contrast, such secondary effects have been used to justify all sorts of French proscriptions such as the ARPP Recommendation that Internet ads should not harm the physical and moral integrity of its young public (see above). Fifth, in both France and the United States, advertising practitioners believe that industry rules devised and applied by them are preferable because they know better what the problems and their lifelike solutions are, and self-regulation generates greater moral adhesion than the law because industry guidelines are voluntarily developed and applied (Boddewyn 1992, pp. -8) even though it tends to improve only when the threat of regulation is real (Loubradou 2010). In this regard, there is increasing quislingism between governments and the advertising industry as evidenced by the French Commitment Charters while, in the United States, the Childrens Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus has received the 3 blessing of the Federal Trade Commission which, under the safe harbor provision of the 1998 Child Online Privacy Protection make for (COPPA), can approve industry guidelines that help implement this law a practice which also applies to the cheer Software Rating Board which assigns age and content ratings to computer- and video-game ads, and which has been favorably evaluated by the FTC (Bravin 2010, p. B1).Finally, while governments, family and consumer associations in both countries are presently very concerned about personal-data privacy, behavioral targeting and the promotion of fatty, salty and sweet foods to children, sex-in-advertising stiff an important issue because of the potential risk that sexualized violence in ads and the media may contribute to the desensitization of people and the socialization of aggressive behavior toward women (Capella et al. 2010, p. 45 Liptak 2010, p. A16).In this context, our analysis of the French cultural, political, legal and ethical dimensions of this issue can help us understand under what conditions the above concerns can lead to its meaningful and effective public and private control. References ARPP (2008), Bilan 2007 Publicite et Image de la Personne Humaine. Paris Autorite de Regulation Professionnelle de la Publicite. _____ (2009), Bilan 2008 Publicite et Image de la Personne Humaine. 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